ArticleClinical practice and epidemiology in mental health : CP & EMH2021
Assessment of Extrapyramidal Symptoms Associated with Psychotropics Pharmacological Treatments, and Associated Risk Factors.
Article in Clinical practice and epidemiology in mental health : CP & EMH, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 13 citations in OpenAlex.
- The epidemiology and phenomenology of non-antipsychotic-induced dystonia: a hybrid systematic-narrative review.European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists · 2025Pooled it
- Characterization of the Adverse Drug Reactions Associated with Psychotropic Medications Based on a Spontaneous Reporting Systems Database: A Retrospective Analysis.Risk management and healthcare policy · 2026Article
- Prevalence and associated factors of antipsychotic-induced extrapyramidal symptoms in the Tigray region.BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
- Association Between Dynapenia/Sarcopenia, Extrapyramidal Symptoms, Negative Symptoms, Body Composition, and Nutritional Status in Patients with Chronic Schizophrenia.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- An International Validation of the "DECAF Score" to Predict Disease Severity and Hospital Mortality in Acute Exacerbation of COPD in the UAE.Hospital pharmacy · 2024Article
- Health-related quality of life and its associated factors among outpatients with heart failure: a cross-sectional study.Health and quality of life outcomes · 2023Article
- Article
- Case series of drug-induced open bite: Extrapyramidal symptoms related to psychotropic medications.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2023Article
- Case report: Open bite as an extrapyramidal side effect with aripiprazole, a dopamine partial agonist.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Article
- Extrapyramidal Side Effects in a Patient with Alcohol Withdrawal Symptoms: A Reflection of Quality of the Mental Health Care System.Risk management and healthcare policy · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundExtrapyramidal Symptoms (EPS) are unwanted symptoms commonly originating from the use of certain medications. The symptoms can range from minimal discomfort to permanent involuntary muscular movements. The aims of the study were to examine the incidence of drug-induced extrapyramidal symptoms (di-EPS), associated risk factors, and clinical characteristics.
methodsThis is a retrospective, observational study of di-EPS conducted in outpatient clinics of Jordan using the longitudinal health database (Hakeem
resultsThe final dataset included 34898 exposed patients and 69796 matched controls. The incidence of di-EPS ranged from 9.8% [Amitriptyline 25mg] to 28.9% (Imipramine 25mg). Baseline factors associated with a significantly higher risk of developing di-EPS were age {HR: 1.1 [95%CI: 0.8-1.2, p=0.003], smoking {HR: 1.7 (95%CI: 1.3-2.2), p=0.02}, tremor history {HR: 7.4 (95%CI: 5.9-8.3), p=.002} and history of taking antipsychotics {HR: 3.9, (95% CI: 2.5-4.6), p=0.001}. Patients taking paroxetine {HR: 8.6 [95%CI: 7.4-9.8], p=.0002},imipramine {HR: 8.3, [7.1-10.5], p=0.01}, or fluoxetine {HR: 8.2 (95%CI: 6.8-9.3), p=.006} had a significantly higher risk of developing di-EPS compared to patients taking citalopram. Myoclonus, blepharospasm, symptoms of the basal ganglia dysfunction, and organic writers' cramp were reported among participants.
conclusionPatients treated with paroxetine, imipramine, fluoxetine, or clomipramine had a higher risk of developing di-EPS than patients treated with citalopram. The difference in gender was not significantly related to di-EPS development. Whereas age, smoking, and history of taking antipsychotics were significantly associated with di-EPS development. KEY
findings• High incidence of drug-induced extrapyramidal symptoms (di-EPS) was reported• Age, smoking, tremor history, and history of taking antipsychotics were risk factors of drug-induced extrapyramidal symptoms.• Patients taking paroxetine, imipramine or fluoxetine had a significantly higher risk of developing di-EPS compared to patients taking citalopram.
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