ReviewAAPS PharmSciTech2021
Review of Approaches for Increasing Ophthalmic Bioavailability for Eye Drop Formulations.
Review in AAPS PharmSciTech, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 53 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
53 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 119 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Clinical, Pharmacological, and Formulation Evaluation of Melatonin in the Treatment of Ocular Disorders-A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Pooled it
- Self-assembled non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-peptide hydrogel to effectively mitigate ocular inflammation.Drug delivery · 2026Article
- Multifunctional Catechol-Functionalized Cellulose Hydrogels for the Minimally Invasive Treatment of Acute Optic Nerve Injuries.Advanced healthcare materials · 2026Article
- Solvent‑Free Bioerodible Ophthalmic Inserts for Mangiferin Delivery: Physicochemical Characterization and In Vivo Evaluation.AAPS PharmSciTech · 2026Article
- Dual-Responsive Chitosan-Grafted PNIPAAm Hydrogel Eye Drop Incorporating Insulin-Imprinted Microgels for Dry Eye Syndrome Treatment.Macromolecular bioscience · 2026Article
- A Randomized Multicenter Study Comparing Low-Viscosity with Comparator 0.3% Hyaluronic Acid for the Treatment of Dry Eye Disease.Ophthalmology and therapy · 2026Article
- Lifitegrast-eluting contact lens for dry eye disease: sustained release, enhanced ocular bioavailability, and robust in vitro-in vivo correlation.Drug delivery and translational research · 2026Article
- Advances in Nanoparticle-Based Vitamin Delivery Systems for Precision Nutrition and Improved Bioavailability.AAPS PharmSciTech · 2026Review
- Green-synthesized N-acetylcarnosine-loaded gold nanoparticles as a novel ocular nanocarrier for antioxidant therapy and cataract prevention.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Dual-functional nanoparticle formulations for simultaneous intraocular pressure reduction and neuroprotection in glaucoma: a review.Nanomedicine (London, England) · 2026Review
- Mechanisms and Evolution of Antimicrobial Resistance in Ophthalmology: Surveillance, Clinical Implications, and Future Therapies.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Development of Practical Low-Volume Screening Method and Pharmacokinetic Simulation of Levofloxacin-Loaded Nanofiber Inserts for Sustained Ocular Therapy.Pharmaceutics · 2025Article
- Article
- Solid Tranilast Nanocrystal-Loaded Cationic Contact Lenses for Sustained Ocular Drug Delivery.Pharmaceutics · 2025Article
- Cyclic nucleotide signaling as a drug target in retinitis pigmentosa.FEBS letters · 2025Review
- A multifunctional hydrogel system with synergistic effects againstMaterials today. Bio · 2025Article
- Nanovesicular Drug Delivery Systems for Rare Ocular Diseases: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions.AAPS PharmSciTech · 2025Review
- Biodegradable Contact Lenses for Targeted Ocular Drug Delivery: Recent Advances, Clinical Applications, and Translational Perspectives.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Development of FK506-loaded maleimide-functionalized cationic niosomes for prolonged retention and therapeutic efficacy in dry eye disease.Drug delivery and translational research · 2025Article
- Melatonin in Glaucoma: Integrative Mechanisms of Intraocular Pressure Control and Neuroprotection.Biomedicines · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Ophthalmic diseases represent a significant problem as over 2 billion people worldwide suffer from vison impairment and blindness. Eye drops account for around 90% of ophthalmic medications but are limited in success due to poor patient compliance and low bioavailability. Low bioavailability can be attributed to short retention times in the eye caused by rapid tear turnover and the difficulty of drug diffusion through the multi-layered structure of the eye that includes lipid-rich endothelial and epithelial layers as well as the stroma which is high in water content. In addition, there are barriers such as tight junctional complexes in the corneal epithelium, lacrimal turnover, nasolacrimal drainage, blinking reflexes, efflux transporters, drug metabolism by ocular enzymes, and drug binding to or repulsion from conjunctival mucins, tear proteins, and melanin. In order to maximize transport through the cornea while minimizing drug loss through other pathways, researchers have developed numerous methods to improve eye drop formulations including the addition of viscosity enhancers, permeability enhancers, mucoadhesives, and vasoconstrictors, or using formulations that include puncta occlusion, nanocarriers, or prodrugs. This review explains the mechanism behind each of these methods, examines their history, analyzes previous and current research, evaluates future applications, and discusses the pros and cons of each technique.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.