ReviewCureus2021
Management of West Nile Encephalitis: An Uncommon Complication of West Nile Virus.
Review in Cureus, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- Plant-Based Systems for Producing Therapeutic Proteins: Current Status and Future Prospects.BioDrugs : clinical immunotherapeutics, biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy · 2026Review
- Computational approaches for flavivirus drug discovery: targeting structural and non-structural proteins.RSC medicinal chemistry · 2026Review
- A thousand faces of West Nile virus neuroinvasive disease: a consecutive case series in Southern Italy during summer 2025.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026Article
- West Nile virus unmasked: from gene variability to future challenges.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Review
- Neuroinflammation-Induced SIADH in West Nile Virus Infection: An Uncommon Neurological and Endocrine Manifestation.The American journal of case reports · 2024Article
- Article
- Article
- Review
- Interleukins, Chemokines, and Tumor Necrosis Factor Superfamily Ligands in the Pathogenesis of West Nile Virus Infection.Viruses · 2023Review
- Insulin-mediated endothelin signaling is antiviral during West Nile virus infection.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2023Article
- Development of Antibody-Based Therapeutics Against West Nile Virus in Plants.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2023Article
- Progressive MRI findings of West Nile virus encephalitis in a patient with diabetes mellitus.BMJ case reports · 2022Article
- Development of plant-made monoclonal antibodies against viral infections.Current opinion in virology · 2022Review
- Infection and Immunometabolism in the Central Nervous System: A Possible Mechanistic Link Between Metabolic Imbalance and Dementia.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2021Review
- Catastrophic Case of West Nile Virus Rhombencephalitis in AIDS.Journal of investigative medicine high impact case reportsArticle
- Acute neurologic emerging flaviviruses.Therapeutic advances in infectious diseaseReview
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
West Nile virus disease (WNVD) is a mosquito-borne disease that affects the meninges and central nervous system, causing West Nile virus (WNV) encephalitis, a debilitating, life-threatening condition, especially in the elderly. While there is a lot of research discussing different aspects of the disease, the treatment is mainly unknown. We conducted a literature review to explore the wide variety of treatment options that consolidate the knowledge about the most recent management of WNV encephalitis. We did a combined advanced search and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) search on PubMed. Inclusion criteria included papers written in the English language and human subjects research for the past 25 years. We initially gather 110 papers, and after applying the inclusion/exclusion criteria, we end up with 30 articles for the paper's discussion. This review aims to provide clinicians with an overview of the latest approach in treating and managing hospitalized WNVD patients. It discusses case reports and the outcome of different treatment regimens done in vitro and in vivo. The study discusses all the advancements in treatment and prophylaxis and compares their effectiveness. However, more research is warranted to gain further insight to develop a single guideline for the management of this disease. This review discusses the following treatment modalities: ribavirin, interferon-alpha, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), and other less-used drugs. More studies about ribavirin are needed to know if the drug is useful for WNV encephalitis. Interferon-alpha has been shown to have both protective and disease limiting properties. At the moment, there are no guidelines for the treatment of WNV encephalitis, nor is there a single Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drug. For the time being, IVIG offers the best results in treating WNV encephalitis.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.