ArticleJournal of pharmaceutical health services research : an official journal of the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain2021
An adapted two-step floating catchment area method accounting for urban-rural differences in spatial access to pharmacies.
Article in Journal of pharmaceutical health services research : an official journal of the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed.
- Optimizing mobile mammography deployment in Oklahoma 2024: a two-step floating catchment area approach.Geospatial health · 2026Article
- Spatial accessibility for deploying mobile lung cancer screenings in a rural state using two-step floating catchment spatial analysis in Oklahoma, United States 2025.Preventive medicine reports · 2025Article
- Urban-rural disparities in spatiotemporal accessibility of pharmacy care: a case study of Vermont, USA.BMC health services research · 2025Article
- Disparity between expected spatial accessibility and actual travel time to vaccination sites: Implications for COVID-19 immunization delays.SSM - population health · 2025Article
- Assessing spatial accessibility of community pharmacies in England and Wales using floating catchment area techniques.Journal of pharmaceutical policy and practice · 2025Article
- A comparison of floating catchment area parameters with applications to a dataset of clinics enrolled in a statewide child and adolescent psychiatric consultation program.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Measuring Spatial Access of Vulnerable Population to HIV Testing Facilities in the Baton Rouge Metropolitan Statistical Area, Louisiana.AIDS and behavior · 2024Article
- Social Vulnerabilities and Spatial Access to Primary Healthcare through Car and Public Transportation System in the Albuquerque, NM, Metropolitan Area: Assessing Disparities through GIS and Multilevel Modeling.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2023Article
- Pharmacy deserts and patients with breast cancer receipt of influenza vaccines.Journal of the American Pharmacists Association : JAPhAArticle
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
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Abstract
objectiveTo adapt the two-step floating catchment area approach to account for urban-rural differences in pharmacy access in the United States.
methodsThe urban-rural two-step floating catchment area method was described mathematically. To calculate urban-rural-two-step floating catchment area measure, census tracts and pharmacies within the study area (Southeastern Wisconsin) were classified as urban, suburban or rural, and then different catchment area sizes (2, 5 and 15 miles) were applied, based on the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS)' criteria for Medicare Part D service access within urban, suburban and rural areas. The urban-rural-two-step floating catchment area measures were compared to traditional two-step floating catchment area measures computed using three fixed catchment area sizes (2, 5, and 15 miles) by visually examining their spatial distributions. Associations between the four pharmacy accessibility measures and selected socio-demographics are calculated using Spearman's rank-order correlation and further compared. KEY
findingsThe urban-rural two-step floating catchment area measure outperforms all the fixed catchment size measures and has the strongest Spearman correlations with the selected census variables. It also reduces the number of census tracts characterized as 'no access' when compared to the original measures. The spatial distribution of urban-rural two-step floating catchment area pharmacy access exhibits a more granular variation across the study area.
conclusionsThe results support our hypothesis that spatial access to pharmacies should account for urbanicity/rurality patterns within a region.
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