ArticleFrontiers in immunology2021
Two Different Antibody-Dependent Enhancement (ADE) Risks for SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 83 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
83 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 132 citations in OpenAlex.
- Lessons learned from the use of convalescent plasma for the treatment of COVID-19 and specific considerations for immunocompromised patients.Transfusion and apheresis science : official journal of the World Apheresis Association : official journal of the European Society for Haemapheresis · 2022Pooled it
- Etiology Model of Kawasaki Disease and Multisystem Inflammatory Syndromes: Mast Cell Activation.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Article
- FcγR-ACE2 cooperative antibody-dependent enhancement in human and veterinary coronaviruses: mechanistic insights, comparative immunology, and implications for nano-engineered immunomodulatory platforms.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Antibodies Against SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein Possess Autoimmune Properties.Antibodies (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Virus-Induced Pathogenic Antibodies: Lessons from Long COVID and Dengue Hemorrhage Fever.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Antibody-dependent enhancement of coronaviruses.International journal of biological sciences · 2025Review
- A Comprehensive Review of mRNA-based Vaccines for COVID-19, A New Era in Pharmaceuticals: Unspecified and Unknown Aspects, Effects and Challenges.Current topics in medicinal chemistry · 2025Review
- Current development of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 neutralizing antibodies (Review).Molecular medicine reports · 2024Review
- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome correlation with SARS-CoV-2 N genotypes.Biomedical journal · 2024Article
- The unique ORF8 protein from SARS-CoV-2 binds to human dendritic cells and induces a hyper-inflammatory cytokine storm.Journal of molecular cell biology · 2024Article
- Review
- Article
- Passive antibody therapy in emerging infectious diseases.Frontiers of medicine · 2023Review
- The Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibody Bamlanivimab Does Not Enhance SARS-CoV-2 Infection by FcR-Mediated Mechanisms.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- In Vitro Antibody-Dependent Enhancement of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Could Be Abolished by Adding Human IgG.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Review
- Machine learning optimization of candidate antibody yields highly diverse sub-nanomolar affinity antibody libraries.Nature communications · 2023Article
- Multi-Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) in 2023: Is It Time to Forget about It?Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Neutralizing and Enhancing Epitopes of the SARS-CoV-2 Receptor-Binding Domain (RBD) Identified by Nanobodies.Viruses · 2023Article
- Article
23 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) disease severity and stages varies from asymptomatic, mild flu-like symptoms, moderate, severe, critical, and chronic disease. COVID-19 disease progression include lymphopenia, elevated proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, accumulation of macrophages and neutrophils in lungs, immune dysregulation, cytokine storms, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), etc. Development of vaccines to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and other coronavirus has been difficult to create due to vaccine induced enhanced disease responses in animal models. Multiple betacoronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-1 expand cellular tropism by infecting some phagocytic cells (immature macrophages and dendritic cells) via antibody bound Fc receptor uptake of virus. Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) may be involved in the clinical observation of increased severity of symptoms associated with early high levels of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in patients. Infants with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) associated with COVID-19 may also have ADE caused by maternally acquired SARS-CoV-2 antibodies bound to mast cells. ADE risks associated with SARS-CoV-2 has implications for COVID-19 and MIS-C treatments, B-cell vaccines, SARS-CoV-2 antibody therapy, and convalescent plasma therapy for patients. SARS-CoV-2 antibodies bound to mast cells may be involved in MIS-C and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in adults (MIS-A) following initial COVID-19 infection. SARS-CoV-2 antibodies bound to Fc receptors on macrophages and mast cells may represent two different mechanisms for ADE in patients. These two different ADE risks have possible implications for SARS-CoV-2 B-cell vaccines for subsets of populations based on age, cross-reactive antibodies, variabilities in antibody levels over time, and pregnancy. These models place increased emphasis on the importance of developing safe SARS-CoV-2 T cell vaccines that are not dependent upon antibodies.
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