ArticleFrontiers in immunology2021
Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Intact Mismatch Repair and Partial Co-Expression of PD-L1 and LAG-3.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- Advancements in Immune Checkpoint-Based Immunotherapy for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Review
- Development and validation of a highly accurate multigene gene expression biomarker to predict chemotherapy response in primary triple-negative breast cancer.Breast cancer research and treatment · 2026Article
- Immunotherapy innovations in triple-negative breast cancer: targeting checkpoints, combinations, and biomarkers.Oncology reviews · 2026Review
- Immunotherapy for triple-negative breast cancer: current trends and future prospects.Journal of the Egyptian National Cancer Institute · 2025Review
- Baseline sLAG-3 levels in Caucasian and African-American breast cancer patients.Breast cancer research and treatment · 2024Article
- CD8Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Herpesvirus entry mediator as a potential biomarker in breast cancer compared with conventional cytotoxic T‑lymphocyte‑associated antigen 4.Biomedical reports · 2023Article
- Targeting PD-1/PD-L1 in cancer immunotherapy: An effective strategy for treatment of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients.Genes & diseases · 2023Review
- Article
- Predictive Biomarkers for Response to Immunotherapy in Triple Negative Breast Cancer: Promises and Challenges.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Review
- Relatlimab: a novel drug targeting immune checkpoint LAG-3 in melanoma therapy.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2023Review
- Hypoxia: syndicating triple negative breast cancer against various therapeutic regimens.Frontiers in oncology · 2023Review
- Pheophorbide A-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy Potentiates Checkpoint Blockade Therapy of Tumor with Low PD-L1 Expression.Pharmaceutics · 2022Article
- LAG-3 as a Potent Target for Novel Anticancer Therapies of a Wide Range of Tumors.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Tumor-Associated Macrophages: Key Players in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.Frontiers in oncology · 2022Review
- Prevalence of Epstein-Barr Virus Infection and Mismatch Repair Protein Deficiency and the Correlation of Immune Markers in Tibetan Patients with Gastric Cancer.BioMed research international · 2022Article
- Immune Checkpoint LAG3 and Its Ligand FGL1 in Cancer.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Review
- Recent Progress on Immunotherapy for Breast Cancer: Tumor Microenvironment, Nanotechnology and More.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2021Review
- DNA Mismatch Repair System Imbalances in Breast Adenocarcinoma.Cancer diagnosis & prognosisReview
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background and Aim: Poor response to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has been observed in most triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cases (around 80%). Our aim was to investigate the status of mismatch repair (MMR), microsatellite instability (MSI), programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), and lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG-3) in TNBC. Methods: A total of 74 TNBC samples were retrospectively analyzed. MMR and MSI were evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using Promega 1.2 and NCI panels, respectively. PD-L1, LAG-3, and CD8 expression was assessed by IHC. Results: None of the cases demonstrated deficient MMR (dMMR) or MSI. In total, 43/74 cases (58.1%) were PD-L1+, including 1 tumor PD-L1+, 25 tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) PD-L1+, and 17 cases involving concurrence of tumor and TIL PD-L1+. The rate of TIL PD-L1+ was remarkably higher than that of tumor PD-L1+ (P<0.001). We identified 20 LAG-3+ cases (27.0%, 20/74), all of which were PD-L1+. Co-expression of PD-L1 and LAG-3 was noted in 46.5% (20/43) of the PD-L1+ population. In the LAG-3+ subtype (co-expression of PD-L1 and LAG-3), high correlation between TILs PD-L1+ and LAG-3+ was observed (P<0.01). A high frequency of CD8+ (98.6%, 73/74) was observed. Conclusion: dMMR/MSI characteristics may not be a practical predictive marker for ICIs in TNBC. PD-L1+ is more common in TILs than in tumors. In the PD-L1+ population, approximately half of the cases showed LAG-3 co-expression. For patients with a poor response to PD-1(L1) mono ICI, dual blockade of PD-1(L1) and LAG-3 may be a viable option for the management of TNBC.
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