ArticleActa Cardiologica Sinica2021
Long-Term Effect of Device-Guided Slow Breathing on Blood Pressure Regulation and Chronic Inflammation in Patients with Essential Hypertension Using a Wearable ECG Device.
Article in Acta Cardiologica Sinica, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 17 citations in OpenAlex.
- Smartphone application-based intervention to lower blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2025Pooled it
- A randomized clinical trial to stimulate the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway in patients with moderate COVID-19-pneumonia using a slow-paced breathing technique.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Trial
- Clinical Evidence of Wearable-Derived Heart Rate Variability for Detecting Systemic Inflammation: A Systematic Review.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Neural-immune-cardiovascular axis: from mechanistic crosstalk to therapeutic targets in cardiovascular disease.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Lifestyle interventions for hypertension management in primary care: a narrative review.Ewha medical journal · 2025Article
- Acute nasal breathing lowers diastolic blood pressure and increases parasympathetic contributions to heart rate variability in young adults.American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology · 2023Article
- Validity and Efficacy of the Elite HRV Smartphone Application during Slow-Paced Breathing.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Effectiveness of Device-Guided Breathing in Chronic Coronary Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Study.Acta Cardiologica Sinica · 2023Article
- Breathing exercise for hypertensive patients: A scoping review.Frontiers in physiology · 2023Article
- 2022 Guidelines of the Taiwan Society of Cardiology and the Taiwan Hypertension Society for the Management of Hypertension.Acta Cardiologica Sinica · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundHypertension is related to autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysfunction, atherosclerosis and chronic inflammation. The stimulation of baroreflex regulation by slow-breathing exercise may improve the interplay among these systems. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of device-guided slow breathing on ANS, cardiovascular system and chronic inflammation in hypertensive patients.
methodsWe prospectively collected 36 essential hypertension patients who were requested to practice slow-breathing exercise 5 times per day for 3 months. The breathing exercise was guided by a cellphone app with a wearable electrocardiography device and a rhythm of 6 cycles per minute. Cardiovascular indicators including heart rate variability (HRV), blood pressure, pulse wave velocity and baroreflex indexes were sampled 3 times: at the first visit, and 1 month and 3 months after the intervention. The levels of blood inflammatory biomarkers, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and C-reactive protein were also collected at all 3 visits. The longitudinal differences in these variables and their correlations were tested.
resultsThere was a significant decrease in blood pressure after 1 month of exercise. A significantly continuous decrease in TNF-α was also observed. The baroreflex indexes were significantly increased in the acute intervention of slow-breathing but not in the longitudinal effect. The HRV variables did not show differences with time. There were positive correlations between sympathetic index and TNF-α and galectin-3.
conclusionsThe effect of slow-breathing exercise on blood pressure and chronic inflammation was significant. HRV indexes may also be used to assess chronic inflammation.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.