ReviewJournal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association2021
Immature control of breathing and apnea of prematurity: the known and unknown.
Review in Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06401083 (The Effect of an Additional Pre-extubational Loading Dose of Caffeine-citrate), which is not on this map. Cited by 61 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
The Effect of an Additional Pre-extubational Loading Dose of Caffeine-citrate
Who cites it
61 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Indications and timings for caffeine initiation in preterm infants.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2025Pooled it
- Continuous positive airway pressure versus methylxanthine for apnoea in preterm infants.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2025Pooled it
- Caffeine for apnea and prevention of neurodevelopmental impairment in preterm infants: systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2024Pooled it
- Heart Rate Variability Analysis to Evaluate Autonomic Nervous System Maturation in Neonates: An Expert Opinion.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2022Pooled it
- Neuroprognostication in infants born preterm at the limits of viability: assessment under uncertainty.Pediatric research · 2026Review
- Assessing infants' sleep in the home setting: designing rational study approaches.Pediatric research · 2026Review
- Maturational physiology in preterm infants: morbidity impact and 2-year neurodevelopmental outcome.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial of Multisensory Early Oral Administration of Human Milk (M-MILK) for Very Preterm Infants: Enhancing Stress Regulation, Neurodevelopment, and Oral Feeding Skills.Biological research for nursing · 2026Article
- Personalization of Caffeine Therapy for Apnea of Prematurity: A Potential Role for Sensor Technologies?Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Variation of caffeine use in late preterm infants in U.S. NICUs over time: A 12-year cohort study.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2026Article
- Innovative 3D-Image Analysis of Cerebellar Vascularization Highlights Angiogenic Gene Dysregulations in a Murine Model of Apnea of Prematurity.Cerebellum (London, England) · 2026Article
- Association of Interictal Respiratory Variability and Severity of Postictal Hypoxemia After Generalized Convulsive Seizures.Neurology · 2026Article
- Effect of upright nesting position with swaddling on physiological status, sleep duration, and feeding tolerance in preterm infants in Indonesia: a quasi-experimental study.Child health nursing research · 2026Article
- Baseline bicarbonate level is associated with apnea of prematurity in preterm neonates with neonatal jaundice: insights from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care III (MIMIC-III) database.Translational pediatrics · 2026Article
- Definitions and monitoring methods for apnea in preterm infants: a scoping review.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Brain activity as a candidate biomarker for personalised caffeine treatment in premature neonates.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Article
- Clinical and biological impact of caffeine therapy in premature infants with apnea of prematurity: a prospective observational study.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Venous-significant intracranial hemorrhage in neonatal HIE treated with therapeutic hypothermia: imaging phenotypes, diagnostic pitfalls, and prognostic implications.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Review
- Methylxanthines: The Major Impact of Caffeine in Clinical Practice in Patients Diagnosed with Apnea of Prematurity.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Early aminophylline is a potential therapy for preventing bronchopulmonary dysplasia in premature infants: a retrospective study.BMC pediatrics · 2025Article
1 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
This narrative review provides a broad perspective on immature control of breathing, which is universal in infants born premature. The degree of immaturity and severity of clinical symptoms are inversely correlated with gestational age. This immaturity presents as prolonged apneas with associated bradycardia or desaturation, or brief respiratory pauses, periodic breathing, and intermittent hypoxia. These manifestations are encompassed within the clinical diagnosis of apnea of prematurity, but there is no consensus on minimum criteria required for diagnosis. Common treatment strategies include caffeine and noninvasive respiratory support, but other therapies have also been advocated with varying effectiveness. There is considerable variability in when and how to initiate and discontinue treatment. There are significant knowledge gaps regarding effective strategies to quantify the severity of clinical manifestations of immature breathing, which prevent us from better understanding the long-term potential adverse outcomes, including neurodevelopment and sudden unexpected infant death.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.