ReviewCancer gene therapy2021
Cancer-associated fibroblasts: overview, progress, challenges, and directions.
Review in Cancer gene therapy, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. It is linked to trial NCT07113418 (Role of Fibroblast Growth Factor 21), which is not on this map. Cited by 191 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Role of Fibroblast Growth Factor 21(FGF21) in Breast Cancer
Who cites it
191 citing papers in PubMed, 283 citations in OpenAlex.
- [Research square · 2026Article
- In Vivo Wide-Field Mapping of Microvascular Dynamics in Orthotopic GL261 Gliomas by Super-Resolution Ultrasound Imaging.Annals of biomedical engineering · 2026Article
- Emerging agents that target signaling pathways in cancer fibroblast cells (Review).International journal of oncology · 2026Review
- Development of LRRC15-binding disulfide-constrained peptides for PET imaging of cancer-associated fibroblasts.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Differential Protumoral Mechanisms Induced by CAFs in Cervical Cancer Cells Occur Independently of 17β-Estradiol Stimulation.Cancers · 2026Article
- Cancer-associated fibroblast targeting therapies as a tool to enhance responses to radiotherapy and immunotherapy.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Review
- Analysis of secretory metabolome and transcriptome changes in radiation-treated cancer-associated fibroblasts.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Article
- The pro-cancer and immunosuppressive activity of macrophage-transformed cancer-associated fibroblasts in oral squamous cell carcinoma.Journal of advanced research · 2026Article
- Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Functions as Multifunctional Architects of the Tumor Stroma and Represent Emerging Therapeutic Vulnerabilities.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- Neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) in focus: state of the art and future prospectives.Discover oncology · 2026Review
- MicroRNA-mediated modulation of cancer-associated fibroblasts in HER2-positive breast tumor microenvironment: a comprehensive review.Discover oncology · 2026Review
- Stratifying cholangiocarcinoma: tumor microenvironment, molecular drivers, and novel immunotherapeutic approaches.Clinical and molecular hepatology · 2026Review
- TME remodeling and clinical challenges of immune checkpoint blockade in nasopharyngeal carcinoma.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Review
- Automated Analysis of Liquid Biopsy Using Deep Learning: Detecting Circulating Tumor Cells and Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2026Article
- Remodeling the Stroma: The Role of ncRNAs in Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts and Therapeutic Implications for Digestive Tumors.Drug design, development and therapy · 2026Review
- Cervical cancer immune microenvironment: Mechanisms of HPV-mediated immune evasion and advances in immunotherapy (Review).Oncology letters · 2026Review
- Dual Targeting of FAP-Directed Nanoparticles and FRα-Specific CAR-T Cells Induces Additive Anti-Tumor Effects in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.International journal of biological sciences · 2026Article
- Obstructive sleep apnea and lung cancer: molecular underpinnings and clinical translational prospects.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Review
- Genetic insights into the timing of metastasis: a secondary analysis of the Count Me In metastatic breast cancer cohort.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Article
131 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Tumors are one of the main causes of death in humans. The development of safe and effective methods for early diagnosis and treatment of tumors is a difficult problem that needs to be solved urgently. It is well established that the occurrence of tumors involves complex biological mechanisms, and the tumor microenvironment (TME) plays an important role in regulating the biological behavior of tumors. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a group of activated fibroblasts with significant heterogeneity and plasticity in the tumor microenvironment. They secrete a variety of active factors to regulate tumor occurrence, development, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance. Although most studies suggest that CAFs have significant tumor-promoting functions, some evidence indicates that they may have certain tumor-suppressive functions in the early stage of tumors. Current research on CAFs continues to face many challenges, and the heterogeneity of their origin, phenotype, and function is a major difficulty and hot spot. To provide new perspectives for the research on CAFs and tumor diagnosis and treatment, this review summarizes the definition, origin, biomarkers, generation mechanism, functions, heterogeneity, plasticity, subpopulations, pre-metastasis niches (PMN), immune microenvironment, and targeted therapy of CAFs, describes the research progress and challenges, and proposes possible future research directions based on existing reports.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.