ArticleScience advances2021
M-CSF, IL-6, and TGF-β promote generation of a new subset of tissue repair macrophage for traumatic brain injury recovery.
Article in Science advances, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 60 papers.
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Who cites it
60 citing papers in PubMed, 92 citations in OpenAlex.
- Increased inflammatory cytokines in the temporal cortex in autism spectrum disorder.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- A cell motility-based selective hydrogel enables rapid generation of nerve-repairing blood clots.Bioactive materials · 2026Article
- Ultrasound-Responsive Piezoelectric Fibrous Membrane Promotes Neurological Recovery After TBI by Modulating Microglial Polarization via Restoring Mitochondrial Dynamic Homeostasis.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Central nervous system lymphatic network: from the maintenance of brain homeostasis to emerging therapeutic perspectives in neurodegenerative diseases.Translational neurodegeneration · 2026Review
- Transplantation of LPS, IL-4, and TGF-β-induced reparative-biased macrophages promotes early motor functional recovery after spinal cord injury in rats.Journal of orthopaedic translation · 2026Article
- Microglia-Mediated Vascular Network Remodeling After Ischemic Stroke: An Immunovascular Repair Framework.Cells · 2026Review
- Article
- Differential brain neuroimmune profiles and altered immune balance in autism spectrum disorder compared with psychotic disorder and neurotypical controls.Research square · 2026Article
- Co-Delivery of Ferrostatin-1 and M2 Macrophage-Derived Exosomal Signals via Engineered Hybrid Nanovesicles Enables Synergistic Neuroprotection in Traumatic Brain Injury.ACS applied materials & interfaces · 2026Article
- A cocktail hydrogel promoting the functional interneurons regeneration of human neural progenitor cells for brain injury therapy.Journal of advanced research · 2026Article
- <p>Harnessing MSC‑derived exosomes to modulate the pathophysiology of ASD: Recent advances and therapeutic implications (Review)</p>.International journal of molecular medicine · 2026Review
- Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals the therapeutic mechanism of Calvatia lilacina in promoting wound healing of anal fistula.Chinese medicine · 2026Article
- Microglia-vascular interactions after spinal cord injury: regulatory mechanisms and therapeutic advances.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Cytokines and related signaling pathways in traumatic brain injury.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Microglia depletion improves hippocampal circuit function after mild traumatic brain injury in male mice.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2026Article
- The glymphatic system in neurodegenerative diseases and brain tumors: mechanistic insights, biomarker advances, and therapeutic opportunities.Acta neuropathologica communications · 2025Review
- Adipose-derived MSC extracellular vesicles ameliorate sepsis by reprogramming macrophages via miR-21-5p targetingBiomolecules & biomedicine · 2025Article
- The stem cell within the vessel wall: multipotent pericytes modulating β-cell function and diabetic complications.Stem cell research & therapy · 2025Review
- Bispecific self-assembled peptides as supra-growth factors for preventing endotheliopathy and improving survival of traumatic brain injury in mice.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2025Article
- Highly Soluble Mussel Foot Protein and Its Derivatives Inhibit Inflammation by Targeting NF-κB/PI3K-Akt Signaling and Promoting M2 Macrophage Polarization.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
21 authors at 7 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) leads to high mortality rate. We aimed to identify the key cytokines favoring TBI repair and found that patients with TBI with a better outcome robustly increased concentrations of macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interleukin-6, and transforming growth factor-β (termed M6T) in cerebrospinal fluid or plasma. Using TBI mice, we identified that M2-like macrophage, microglia, and endothelial cell were major sources to produce M6T. Together with the in vivo tracking of mCherry+ macrophages in zebrafish models, we confirmed that M6T treatment accelerated blood-borne macrophage infiltration and polarization toward a subset of tissue repair macrophages that expressed similar genes as microglia for neuroprotection, angiogenesis and cell migration. M6T therapy in TBI mice and zebrafish improved neurological function while blocking M6T-exacerbated brain injury. Considering low concentrations of M6T in some patients with poor prognostic, M6T treatment might repair TBI via generating a previously unidentified subset of tissue repair macrophages.
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