ArticlePLoS pathogens2021
A novel cell culture system modeling the SARS-CoV-2 life cycle.
Article in PLoS pathogens, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 125 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
125 citing papers in PubMed, 185 citations in OpenAlex.
- Bridging the antiviral gap: A BAC-based non-infectious SARS-CoV-2 replicon reveals potent antisense gapmers.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2026Article
- Transcriptomics-driven antiviral drug screening identifies ATF6 as a homeostatic regulator of ER stress and innate immunity.Journal of advanced research · 2026Article
- Nanobodies targeting SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease exert dual antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- Direct visualization of RNA virus and evaluation of drug effect in living cells by catalytically transformable DNA cube.Science advances · 2026Article
- Reverse genetics strategies for coronaviruses: platform construction and applications in vaccine development.Virus genes · 2026Review
- SARS-CoV-2 enhances lysosomal exocytosis and deacidifies lysosomes to facilitate viral release.mLife · 2026Article
- A new approach to discovering a broad-spectrum anti-respiratory virus drug: Tubeimoside II modulates host factor PACT to potentiate the RIG-I antiviral pathway.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2026Article
- Glycyrrhizic Acid-Modified Gold Nanoparticles Show Inhibitory Activity Against PRRSV and SARS-CoV-2 Pseudovirus In Vitro.Viruses · 2026Article
- Structural mimics of SARS-CoV-2.Infection · 2026Review
- Lycorine Derivative Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Replication by Reducing -1 Programmed Ribosomal Frameshifting via Targeting ZAP.MedComm · 2026Article
- Programmable, target-induced fluorogenic CRISPR-tDeg platform for live-cell RNA visualization.Nucleic acids research · 2026Article
- A biosafe mouse model for SARS-CoV-2 infection that more realistically simulates COVID-19 symptoms.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Article
- The Emerging Promise of Pentacyclic Triterpenoid Derivatives as Novel Antiviral Agents Against SARS-CoV-2 Variants.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Disruption of the nucleocapsid-RNA condensation by punicalagin is a broad-spectrum antiviral approach.Fundamental research · 2026Article
- Cellular sensor DAP5 decodesFrontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Interferon-stimulated gene GALNT2 restricts respiratory virus infections.Nature microbiology · 2026Article
- Article
- Trans-complementation of chikungunya virus replicase mutants reveals alphavirus replication complexity and supports antiviral tool development.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- Enantiomer-dependent and modification-free DNA matrix as an adjuvant for subunit vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 or pneumococcal infections.Nature biomedical engineering · 2025Article
- UHRF1 restricts HCoV-229E infection through epigenetic silencing of the viral receptor APN.Nature communications · 2025Article
65 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
13 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes the global pandemic of COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 is classified as a biosafety level-3 (BSL-3) agent, impeding the basic research into its biology and the development of effective antivirals. Here, we developed a biosafety level-2 (BSL-2) cell culture system for production of transcription and replication-competent SARS-CoV-2 virus-like-particles (trVLP). This trVLP expresses a reporter gene (GFP) replacing viral nucleocapsid gene (N), which is required for viral genome packaging and virion assembly (SARS-CoV-2 GFP/ΔN trVLP). The complete viral life cycle can be achieved and exclusively confined in the cells ectopically expressing SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 N proteins, but not MERS-CoV N. Genetic recombination of N supplied in trans into viral genome was not detected, as evidenced by sequence analysis after one-month serial passages in the N-expressing cells. Moreover, intein-mediated protein trans-splicing approach was utilized to split the viral N gene into two independent vectors, and the ligated viral N protein could function in trans to recapitulate entire viral life cycle, further securing the biosafety of this cell culture model. Based on this BSL-2 SARS-CoV-2 cell culture model, we developed a 96-well format high throughput screening for antivirals discovery. We identified salinomycin, tubeimoside I, monensin sodium, lycorine chloride and nigericin sodium as potent antivirals against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Collectively, we developed a convenient and efficient SARS-CoV-2 reverse genetics tool to dissect the virus life cycle under a BSL-2 condition. This powerful tool should accelerate our understanding of SARS-CoV-2 biology and its antiviral development.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.