ArticlePloS one2021
The blood-brain barrier studied in vitro across species.
Article in PloS one, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 44 papers.
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Who cites it
44 citing papers in PubMed, 85 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cell swelling and upright mounting-based imaging for high-resolution visualization of intracellular trafficking across the BBB using conventional confocal microscopy.Drug delivery · 2026Article
- Review
- A perfused, parallelized blood brain barrier-tumor platform for compound permeation and efficacy investigations.Microsystems & nanoengineering · 2026Article
- Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism · 2026Review
- Pathological Characteristics of the Lung and Brain in Cotton Rats and BALB/c Mice Infected with Respiratory Syncytial Virus.Viruses · 2026Article
- From Polyphenols to Prodrugs: Bridging the Blood-Brain Barrier with Nanomedicine and Neurotherapeutics.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Evaluating sex as a biological variable in in vitro blood-brain barrier models: insights from primary mouse brain endothelial cells.Fluids and barriers of the CNS · 2026Article
- Machine learning and bioinformatics identify and validate membrane protein biomarkers for type 2 diabetes mellitus.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- The delivery challenge of adeno-associated virus vector-based gene therapies for neurological diseases.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Review
- A novel vector design targeting the blood-brain barrier with the brain-specific AAV-BR1 vector enables abluminal protein secretion from brain endothelial cells in vitro.Fluids and barriers of the CNS · 2025Article
- Comparative analysis of the uptake of the HFluids and barriers of the CNS · 2025Article
- Cracking the Blood-Brain Barrier Code: Rational Nanomaterial Design for Next-Generation Neurological Therapies.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- Mechanobiology of the blood-brain barrier during development, disease and ageing.Nature communications · 2025Review
- Role of autophagy in neurotoxic protein's clearance following post-ischemic stroke: where we are and what we know?Molecular brain · 2025Review
- In Vitro and In Vivo Pharmacokinetic Characterization of 7-Hydroxymitragynine, an Active Metabolite of Mitragynine, in Sprague-Dawley Rats.European journal of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics · 2025Article
- Generation of Advanced Blood-Brain Barrier Spheroids Using Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Brain Capillary Endothelial-Like Cells.Advanced biology · 2025Article
- Endothelial and neuronal engagement by AAV-BR1 gene therapy alleviates neurological symptoms and lipid deposition in a mouse model of Niemann-Pick type C2.Fluids and barriers of the CNS · 2025Article
- 3DFrontiers in pharmacology · 2025Review
- Characterization of a primary cellular airway model for inhalative drug delivery in comparison with the established permanent cell lines CaLu3 and RPMI 2650.In vitro models · 2024Article
- Isolation methods and characterization of primary rat neurovascular cells.Journal of biological engineering · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is formed by brain capillary endothelial cells (BECs) supported by pericytes and astrocytes. The BBB maintains homeostasis and protects the brain against toxic substances circulating in the blood, meaning that only a few drugs can pass the BBB. Thus, for drug screening, understanding cell interactions, and pathology, in vitro BBB models have been developed using BECs from various animal sources. When comparing models of different species, differences exist especially in regards to the transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER). Thus, we compared primary mice, rat, and porcine BECs (mBECs, rBECs, and pBECs) cultured in mono- and co-culture with astrocytes, to identify species-dependent differences that could explain the variations in TEER and aid to the selection of models for future BBB studies. The BBB models based on primary mBECs, rBECs, and pBECs were evaluated and compared in regards to major BBB characteristics. The barrier integrity was evaluated by the expression of tight junction proteins and measurements of TEER and apparent permeability (Papp). Additionally, the cell size, the functionality of the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux transporter, and the expression of the transferrin receptor were evaluated and compared. Expression and organization of tight junction proteins were in all three species influenced by co-culturing, supporting the findings, that TEER increases after co-culturing with astrocytes. All models had functional polarised P-gp efflux transporters and expressed the transferrin receptor. The most interesting discovery was that even though the pBECs had higher TEER than rBECs and mBECs, the Papp did not show the same variation between species, which could be explained by a significantly larger cell size of pBECs. In conclusion, our results imply that the choice of species for a given BBB study should be defined from its purpose, instead of aiming to reach the highest TEER, as the models studied here revealed similar BBB properties.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.