ReviewDiabetologia2021
'Smart' insulin-delivery technologies and intrinsic glucose-responsive insulin analogues.
Review in Diabetologia, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 100 citations in OpenAlex.
- Biocompatible Nanogels Synthesized via RAFT Polymerization for Long-Acting Onset-Controllable Glucose-Responsive Insulin Delivery in Diabetic Mice.Advanced functional materials · 2026Article
- Engineering core-shell polymer microgels to control the onset of glucose-regulated insulin release.Journal of biomaterials science. Polymer edition · 2026Article
- Metabolic Responses to Exercise and Nutritional Strategies in Type 1 Diabetes Using Automated Insulin Delivery Systems: A Narrative Review.Metabolites · 2026Review
- Applications of Carbon Dots and Graphene Quantum Dots in Treatment of Diabetes.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- A Computational Glucoregulatory Model of Liver and Glucagon for the Evaluation of Therapeutics.ACS pharmacology & translational science · 2025Article
- Ultrastable Insulin-Glucagon Fusion Protein Exploits an Endogenous Hepatic Switch to Mitigate Hypoglycemic Risk.ACS pharmacology & translational science · 2025Article
- Optimization of Zein-Casein-Hyaluronic Acid Nanoparticles Obtained by Nanoprecipitation Using Design of Experiments (DoE).ACS omega · 2025Article
- Applications and prospects of biomaterials in diabetes management.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2025Review
- Article
- Week-long normoglycaemia in diabetic mice and minipigs via a subcutaneous dose of a glucose-responsive insulin complex.Nature biomedical engineering · 2024Article
- Article
- Once-Weekly Insulin Icodec in Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials (ONWARDS Clinical Program).Biomedicines · 2024Review
- Advancements in Insulin Pumps: A Comprehensive Exploration of Insulin Pump Systems, Technologies, and Future Directions.Pharmaceutics · 2024Review
- In Silico Investigation of the Clinical Translatability of Competitive Clearance Glucose-Responsive Insulins.ACS pharmacology & translational science · 2023Article
- Helical-Like Assembly of Nateglinide as Coating for Oral Delivery of Insulin and Their Synergistic Prevention of Diabetes Mellitus.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2023Article
- Rational Design and Efficacy of Glucose-Responsive Insulin Therapeutics and Insulin Delivery Systems by Computation Using Connected Human and Rodent Models.Advanced healthcare materials · 2023Article
- Intelligent Insulin vs. Artificial Intelligence for Type 1 Diabetes: Will the Real Winner Please Stand Up?International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Insulin detection in diabetes mellitus: challenges and new prospects.Nature reviews. Endocrinology · 2023Review
- Review
- Nanoformulations for the Delivery of Dietary Anthocyanins for the Prevention and Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Insulin replacement therapy for diabetes mellitus seeks to minimise excursions in blood glucose concentration above or below the therapeutic range (hyper- or hypoglycaemia). To mitigate acute and chronic risks of such excursions, glucose-responsive insulin-delivery technologies have long been sought for clinical application in type 1 and long-standing type 2 diabetes mellitus. Such 'smart' systems or insulin analogues seek to provide hormonal activity proportional to blood glucose levels without external monitoring. This review highlights three broad strategies to co-optimise mean glycaemic control and time in range: (1) coupling of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) to delivery devices (algorithm-based 'closed-loop' systems); (2) glucose-responsive polymer encapsulation of insulin; and (3) mechanism-based hormone modifications. Innovations span control algorithms for CGM-based insulin-delivery systems, glucose-responsive polymer matrices, bio-inspired design based on insulin's conformational switch mechanism upon insulin receptor engagement, and glucose-responsive modifications of new insulin analogues. In each case, innovations in insulin chemistry and formulation may enhance clinical outcomes. Prospects are discussed for intrinsic glucose-responsive insulin analogues containing a reversible switch (regulating bioavailability or conformation) that can be activated by glucose at high concentrations.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.