ArticleEpidemiologic reviews2022
Burden of Antimicrobial Resistance: Compared to What?
Article in Epidemiologic reviews, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- New methodology to assess the excess burden of antibiotic resistance using country-specific parameters: a case study regardingBMJ open · 2023Pooled it
- The impact of inpatient bloodstream infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PLoS medicine · 2023Pooled it
- Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis.Lancet (London, England) · 2022Pooled it
- The burden of antimicrobial-resistant bacterial infections: a causal perspective.Nature communications · 2026Review
- Mortality outcomes and economic burden of antimicrobial-resistant bacterial bloodstream infections in a Nigerian tertiary hospital.BMC microbiology · 2026Article
- Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Enterobacteriaceae in Surface Water From Streams and the Southern Gulf of Lake Tana, Ethiopia.Environmental health insights · 2026Article
- A multiplex PCR for rapid detection of vancomycin and linezolid resistance genes in clinical and environmental enterococci: A one health diagnostic approach.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2025Article
- The Burden of Antimicrobial Resistant Bacteremia in Ontario: A Population-Wide Analysis of Attributable Mortality From 110 Pathogen-Antibiotic Combinations.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2025Article
- Extended-spectrum-β-lactamase-producing Gram-negative bacteria are associated with high mortality in children with bloodstream infections in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Mortality and length of stay associated with antimicrobial-susceptible and -resistant hospital-onset bloodstream infections at a tertiary referral hospital in Melbourne, Australia.JAC-antimicrobial resistance · 2025Article
- Article
- Antimicrobial resistance-attributable mortality: a patient-level analysis.JAC-antimicrobial resistance · 2024Article
- Conference report of the 2024 Antimicrobial Resistance Meeting.npj antimicrobials and resistance · 2024Article
- Protecting healthcare and patient pathways from infection and antimicrobial resistance.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2024Article
- Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance 1990-2021: a systematic analysis with forecasts to 2050.Lancet (London, England) · 2024Article
- The attributable mortality, length of stay, and health care costs of methicillin-resistantIJID regions · 2024Article
- Editorial: Research implications on microbial virulence factors, resistance, and new therapeutic strategies in the context of future infectious disease therapies.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024Article
- The antibacterial activity and mechanism of a novel peptide MR-22 against multidrug-resistantFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024Article
- Mortality associated with third-generation cephalosporin resistance in Enterobacterales bloodstream infections at eight sub-Saharan African hospitals (MBIRA): a prospective cohort study.The Lancet. Infectious diseases · 2023Article
- Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity by MarineMicroorganisms · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The increased focus on the public health burden of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) raises conceptual challenges, such as determining how much harm multidrug-resistant organisms do compared to what, or how to establish the burden. Here, we present a counterfactual framework and provide guidance to harmonize methodologies and optimize study quality. In AMR-burden studies, 2 counterfactual approaches have been applied: the harm of drug-resistant infections relative to the harm of the same drug-susceptible infections (the susceptible-infection counterfactual); and the total harm of drug-resistant infections relative to a situation where such infections were prevented (the no-infection counterfactual). We propose to use an intervention-based causal approach to determine the most appropriate counterfactual. We show that intervention scenarios, species of interest, and types of infections influence the choice of counterfactual. We recommend using purpose-designed cohort studies to apply this counterfactual framework, whereby the selection of cohorts (patients with drug-resistant, drug-susceptible infections, and those with no infection) should be based on matching on time to infection through exposure density sampling to avoid biased estimates. Application of survival methods is preferred, considering competing events. We conclude by advocating estimation of the burden of AMR by using the no-infection and susceptible-infection counterfactuals. The resulting numbers will provide policy-relevant information about the upper and lower bound of future interventions designed to control AMR. The counterfactuals should be applied in cohort studies, whereby selection of the unexposed cohorts should be based on exposure density sampling, applying methods avoiding time-dependent bias and confounding.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.