ArticleThe American journal of clinical nutrition2021
Dietary factors, gut microbiota, and serum trimethylamine-N-oxide associated with cardiovascular disease in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos.
Article in The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 59 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review of TMAO, microRNAs, and the oral/gut microbiomes in atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction: mechanistic insights and translational opportunities.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Gut microbiota-derived metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide and multiple health outcomes: an umbrella review and updated meta-analysis.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2022Pooled it
- Review
- From Dysbiosis to Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption: The Metabolite-Mediated Gut-Brain Axis in Alzheimer's Disease.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Gut microbial trimethylamine N-oxide generation promotes risk of atrial fibrillation via muscarinic receptor-mediated autonomic dysfunction.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Article
- Hypocholesterolemic agents and the gut microbiota: a review of interactions and modulatory activity.Pharmacological reports : PR · 2026Review
- Targeting the Gut-Heart Axis in Atherosclerosis: Microbial Metabolites, Molecular Mechanisms, and Precision Therapeutics.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2026Review
- Gut bacteria associated with an atherogenic TMAO-dietary pattern and choline-rich foods among aging women.Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD · 2026Article
- Associations of trimethylamine N-oxide and its precursors with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, its subtypes and blood pressure in the offspring: findings from the Shanghai Birth Cohort.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2026Article
- Traditional Chinese medicine-based modulation of gut microbiota in coronary heart disease: probiotic synergy and translational perspectives.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Review
- Microbial Biotechnology in Medicine.Progress in molecular and subcellular biology · 2026Review
- Trimethylamine-Annals of medicine · 2025Review
- Investigation of ED4 supplementation on cardiovascular parameters in rats with elevated systemic TMAO.NPJ science of food · 2025Article
- Ultra-processed Plant Foods: Are They Worse than their Unprocessed Animal-Based Counterparts?Current nutrition reports · 2025Review
- Diet-Gut Microbiota Relations: Critical Appraisal of Evidence From Studies Using Metagenomics.Nutrition reviews · 2025Review
- Association of meal timing with adiposity measures and gut microbiome characteristics in a cohort study: the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2025Article
- The Gut-Heart Axis: Molecular Perspectives and Implications for Myocardial Infarction.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Circulating TMAO, the gut microbiome and cardiometabolic disease risk: an exploration in key precursor disorders.Diabetology & metabolic syndrome · 2024Article
- Article
- Therapeutic applications of gut microbes in cardiometabolic diseases: current state and perspectives.Applied microbiology and biotechnology · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
19 authors at 9 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundTrimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), a diet-derived and gut microbiota-related metabolite, is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, major dietary determinants and specific gut bacterial taxa related to TMAO remain to be identified in humans.
objectivesWe aimed to identify dietary and gut microbial factors associated with circulating TMAO.
methodsThis cross-sectional study included 3972 participants (57.3% women) aged 18-74 y from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos in the United States. Dietary information was collected by 24-h dietary recalls at baseline interview (2008-2011), and baseline serum TMAO and its precursors were measured by an untargeted approach. Gut microbiome was profiled by shotgun metagenomic sequencing in a subset of participants (n = 626) during a follow-up visit (2016-2018). Logistic and linear regression were used to examine associations of inverse-normalized metabolites with prevalent CVD, dietary intake, and bacterial species, respectively, after adjustment for sociodemographic, behavioral, and clinical factors.
resultsTMAO was positively associated with prevalent CVD (case number = 279; OR = 1.34; 95% CI: 1.17, 1.54, per 1-SD). Fish (P = 1.26 × 10-17), red meat (P = 3.33 × 10-16), and egg (P = 3.89 × 10-5) intakes were top dietary factors positively associated with TMAO. We identified 9 gut bacterial species significantly associated with TMAO (false discovery rate <0.05). All 4 species positively associated with TMAO belong to the order Clostridiales, of which 3 might have homologous genes encoding carnitine monooxygenase, an enzyme converting carnitine to trimethylamine (TMA). The red meat-TMAO association was more pronounced in participants with higher abundances of these 4 species compared with those with lower abundance (Pinteraction = 0.013), but such microbial modification was not observed for fish-TMAO or egg-TMAO associations.
conclusionIn US Hispanics/Latinos, fish, red meat, and egg intakes are major dietary factors associated with serum TMAO. The identified potential TMA-producing gut microbiota and microbial modification on the red meat-TMAO association support microbial TMA production from dietary carnitine, whereas the fish-TMAO association is independent of gut microbiota.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.