ReviewFrontiers in pharmacology2020
Calming the Storm: Natural Immunosuppressants as Adjuvants to Target the Cytokine Storm in COVID-19.
Review in Frontiers in pharmacology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 59 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
59 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 93 citations in OpenAlex.
- Interleukin-1 blocking agents for treating COVID-19.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2022Pooled it
- Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of Intravenous Doses of PF-07304814, a Phosphate Prodrug Protease Inhibitor for the Treatment of SARS-CoV-2, in Healthy Adult Participants.Clinical pharmacology in drug development · 2022Trial
- Colchicine Is Safe Though Ineffective in the Treatment of Severe COVID-19: a Randomized Clinical Trial (COLCHIVID).Journal of general internal medicine · 2022Trial
- The Combination of Nirmatrelvir and Ivermectin Exerts Strongly Synergistic Antiviral and Anti-Inflammatory Effects Against Murine Coronavirus Infection of Macrophages.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Hepatocyte growth factor/c-Met signaling axis in human diseases: Mechanistic insights and therapeutic potential.Journal of cell communication and signaling · 2026Review
- Inflammatory and Endothelial Dysfunction Biomarkers Predict Severe COVID-19 in Hospitalized Patients: Development of the CCBR Model.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- The Th17/Treg axis: a key to understanding and treating autoimmune disorders.Open life sciences · 2026Article
- EP9158H: An Immunoinformatics-Designed mRNA Vaccine Encoding Multi-Epitope Antigens and Dual TLR Agonists for Tuberculosis Prevention.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- TGFBI Inhibits the Pyroptosis of Macrophages to Ameliorate Septic Shock.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2025Article
- Investigation of the molecular mechanism of quercetin in inhibiting ankylosing spondylitis ossification via the bone morphogenetic protein/smad signaling pathway.Medical molecular morphology · 2025Article
- Resveratrol and Physical Activity: A Successful Combination for the Maintenance of Health and Wellbeing?Nutrients · 2025Review
- Identifying Mechanism of Resveratrol for the Treatment of COVID-19 and Idiopathic Pulmonary FibrosisCurrent medicinal chemistry · 2025Article
- Article
- Natural Anticancer Drugs: Efficacy, Safety, and Future Challenges.Current medicinal chemistry · 2025Review
- Differential expression of plasma cytokines in sepsis patients and their clinical implications.World journal of clinical cases · 2024Article
- Anti-cytokine Storm Activity of Fraxin, Quercetin, and their Combination on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Cytokine Storm in Mice: Implications in COVID-19.Iranian journal of medical sciences · 2024Article
- Microglial Inflammatory Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Comprehensive Review.Cellular and molecular neurobiology · 2023Review
- COVID-19-Omics Report: From Individual Omics Approaches to Precision Medicine.Reports (MDPI) · 2023Review
- Comparative anticancer effects of Annona muricata Linn (Annonaceae) leaves and fruits on DMBA-induced breast cancer in female rats.BMC complementary medicine and therapies · 2023Article
- Plausibility of natural immunomodulators in the treatment of COVID-19-A comprehensive analysis and future recommendations.Heliyon · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a global health crisis, with no specific antiviral to treat the infection and the absence of a suitable vaccine to prevent it. While some individuals contracting the SARS-CoV-2 infection exhibit a well coordinated immune response and recover, others display a dysfunctional immune response leading to serious complications including ARDS, sepsis, MOF; associated with morbidity and mortality. Studies revealed that in patients with a dysfunctional immune response, there is a massive cytokine and chemokine release, referred to as the 'cytokine storm'. As a result, such patients exhibit higher levels of pro-inflammatory/modulatory cytokines and chemokines like TNFα, INFγ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-17, G-CSF, GM-CSF, MCSF, HGF and chemokines CXCL8, MCP1, IP10, MIP1α and MIP1β. Targeting this cytokine storm is a novel, promising treatment strategy to alleviate this excess influx of cytokines observed at the site of infection and their subsequent disastrous consequences. Natural immunosuppressant compounds, derived from plant sources like curcumin, luteolin, piperine, resveratrol are known to inhibit the production and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. This inhibitory effect is mediated by altering signal pathways like NF-κB, JAK/STAT, MAPK/ERK that are involved in the production and release of cytokines and chemokines. The use of these natural immunosuppressants as adjuvants to ameliorate the cytokine storm; in combination with antiviral agents and other treatment drugs currently in use presents a novel, synergistic approach for the treatment and effective cure of COVID-19. This review briefly describes the immunopathogenesis of the cytokine storm observed in SARS-CoV-2 infection and details some natural immunosuppressants that can be used as adjuvants in treating COVID-19 disease.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.