ReviewNature reviews. Disease primers2021
Adrenal insufficiency.
Review in Nature reviews. Disease primers, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 91 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
91 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 56 citations in OpenAlex.
- Health-related quality of life and patterns of psychological vulnerability in autoimmune Addison's disease: a systematic review.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Pooled it
- Management of paediatric ulcerative colitis, part 1: Ambulatory care-An updated evidence-based consensus guideline from the European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition and the European Crohn's and Colitis Organisation.Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition · 2025Guideline
- Transient secondary pseudo-hypoaldosteronism in infants with urinary tract infections: systematic literature review.European journal of pediatrics · 2024Pooled it
- European Society of Endocrinology and Endocrine Society Joint Clinical Guideline: Diagnosis and Therapy of Glucocorticoid-induced Adrenal Insufficiency.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2024Guideline
- Effects of Root Extract of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) on Perception of Recovery and Muscle Strength in Female Athletes.European journal of sport science · 2025Trial
- Diagnostic Value of Serum Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin for Adrenal Insufficiency.Chonnam medical journal · 2026Article
- Obesity in Classic Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: Mechanisms, Complications and Management.Clinical endocrinology · 2026Review
- Regulation of ultradian pulsatility and stress responses in the human hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.Journal of neuroendocrinology · 2026Article
- Novel biomarkers to guide glucocorticoid replacement in primary adrenal insufficiency: a proof-of-concept study using copeptin-derived ratios.Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2026Article
- Hypothalamus Amyloid Levels Are Associated with Early Sex-Dependent Alterations in Peripheral Energy Homeostasis in TgF344-AD Rats.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Article
- Group education improves self-management of adrenal insufficiency in patients and their relative.Endocrine connections · 2026Article
- Article
- Diagnosing hypocortisolism in disguise: clinical insights from delayed-onset endocrine disorders.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2026Article
- Article
- New Cortisol Thresholds for the Diagnosis of Adrenal Insufficiency Using the Low-Dose Synacthen Test in Children on Long-Term Corticosteroids: A North African Pilot Study.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Hormonal crossroads of the heart: from classic endocrine regulation to cardiac hormone secretion: an updated review.Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2026Review
- [Consensus recommendations on the diagnosis and treatment of hyperkalemia of the Austrian Society of Nephrology 2026].Wiener klinische Wochenschrift · 2026Review
- The Burden of Preoperative Stress: Biological Mechanisms and Postoperative Outcomes.Brain sciences · 2026Review
- CAI Score for the Diagnosis of Central Adrenal Insufficiency.Journal of the Endocrine Society · 2026Article
- Unmasking Isolated Glucocorticoid Deficiency: Clinical Insights From 2 Cases.JCEM case reports · 2026Article
31 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 7 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Adrenal insufficiency (AI) is a condition characterized by an absolute or relative deficiency of adrenal cortisol production. Primary AI (PAI) is rare and is caused by direct adrenal failure. Secondary AI (SAI) is more frequent and is caused by diseases affecting the pituitary, whereas in tertiary AI (TAI), the hypothalamus is affected. The most prevalent form is TAI owing to exogenous glucocorticoid use. Symptoms of AI are non-specific, often overlooked or misdiagnosed, and are related to the lack of cortisol, adrenal androgen precursors and aldosterone (especially in PAI). Diagnosis is based on measurement of the adrenal corticosteroid hormones, their regulatory peptide hormones and stimulation tests. The goal of therapy is to establish a hormone replacement regimen that closely mimics the physiological diurnal cortisol secretion pattern, tailored to the patient's daily needs. This Primer provides insights into the epidemiology, mechanisms and management of AI during pregnancy as well as challenges of long-term management. In addition, the importance of identifying life-threatening adrenal emergencies (acute AI and adrenal crisis) is highlighted and strategies for prevention, which include patient education, glucocorticoid emergency cards and injection kits, are described.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.