ArticleAnnals of family medicine
Primary Care's Historic Role in Vaccination and Potential Role in COVID-19 Immunization Programs.
Article in Annals of family medicine. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 65 citations in OpenAlex.
- Barriers and facilitators of seasonal influenza vaccinations in German and Chinese health care workers - a comparative cross-sectional study.BMC public health · 2026Article
- A Qualitative Analysis of the Functions of Primary Care Nurses in COVID-19 Vaccination.Journal of advanced nursing · 2025Article
- Perspectives of primary care nurses on the organization of the COVID-19 vaccine rollout: a qualitative study.BMC primary care · 2025Article
- The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on vaccinations in United States primary care practices.PloS one · 2025Article
- Article
- Diverse roles of Primary Health Care in COVID-19 vaccination across 28 European countries - Insights from the Eurodata study.The European journal of general practice · 2024Article
- How Were European GPs/FPs Involved in the COVID-19 Vaccination Campaign? A European Questionnaire Study about the Experiences of the Vaccinations in 2021.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Article
- A qualitative examination of primary care team's participation in the distribution of the COVID-19 vaccination.BMC primary care · 2024Article
- Integrating COVID-19 Vaccination in Primary Care Service Delivery: Insights From Implementation Research in the Philippines.Global health, science and practice · 2024Article
- Changes in primary care visits for respiratory illness during the COVID-19 pandemic: a multinational study by the International Consortium of Primary Care Big Data Researchers (INTRePID).Frontiers in medicine · 2024Article
- Knowledge and attitudes of healthcare personnel about vaccination of migrant and refugee children and adolescents.Journal of migration and health · 2024Article
- Article
- Association between having a primary care physician and health behavioral intention in Japan: results from a nationwide survey.BMC primary care · 2023Article
- Breakthrough infections and acceptance of COVID-19 vaccine boosters: A survey analysis.PEC innovation · 2023Article
- Article
- Article
- Multi-Perspective Views and Hesitancy toward COVID-19 Vaccines: A Mixed Method Study.Vaccines · 2023Article
- Protocol for a cross-sectional study on COVID-19 vaccination programmes in primary health care.African journal of primary health care & family medicine · 2023Article
- Vaccination coverage of primary care providers against seasonal influenza, tetanus, pneumococcal pneumonia and herpes zoster: A cross-sectional study in Greece.AIMS public health · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic recovery will require a broad and coordinated effort for infection testing, immunity determination, and vaccination. With the advent of several COVID-19 vaccines, the dissemination and delivery of COVID-19 immunization across the nation is of concern. Previous immunization delivery patterns may reveal important components of a comprehensive and sustainable effort to immunize everyone in the nation.
methodsThe delivery of vaccinations were enumerated by provider type using 2017 Medicare Part B Fee-For-Service data and the 2013-2017 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. The delivery of these services was examined at the service, physician, and visit level.
resultsIn 2017 Medicare Part B Fee-For-Service, primary care physicians provided the largest share of services for vaccinations (46%), followed closely by mass immunizers (45%), then nurse practitioners/physician assistants (NP/PAs) (5%). The Medical Expenditure Panel Survey showed that primary care physicians provided most clinical visits for vaccination (54% of all visits).
conclusionsPrimary care physicians have played a crucial role in delivery of vaccinations to the US population, including the elderly, between 2012-2017. These findings indicate primary care practices may be a crucial element of vaccine counseling and delivery in the upcoming COVID-19 recovery and immunization efforts in the United States.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.