ReviewImmunobiology2021
Why blood group A individuals are at risk whereas blood group O individuals are protected from SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection: A hypothesis regarding how the virus invades the human body via ABO(H) blood group-determining carbohydrates.
Review in Immunobiology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- Seroprevalence of West Nile virus among blood donors in mainland France, 2021 to 2022.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2026Article
- Individuals with ABO Groups Show Significant Differences in Levels of Circulating Biomarkers Related to Inflammation, Apoptosis, Endothelial Dysfunction, Tissue Remodeling and Neurodegeneration: A Pilot Study.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Association between ABO blood groups and SARS-CoV-2 infection in blood donors of Puglia region.Annals of hematology · 2023Observational
- Vitamin D status and blood group among severe COVID-19 patients.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2023Article
- Blood-Type-A is a COVID-19 infection and hospitalization risk in a Turkish cohort.Transfusion clinique et biologique : journal de la Societe francaise de transfusion sanguine · 2023Article
- Association Between ABO Blood Group System and COVID-19 Severity.American journal of clinical pathology · 2022Article
- Lower Levels of ABO Anti-A and Anti-B of IgM, IgG and IgA Isotypes in the Serum but Not the Saliva of COVID-19 Convalescents.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Article
- The Role of ABO Blood Type in Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Systematic Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Review
- Association of ABO blood group with in-hospital adverse outcome and long term persistent symptoms of COVID-19 infection: A single-center longitudinal observational study.Health science reports · 2022Article
- Complications Post-COVID-19 and Risk Factors among Patients after Six Months of a SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Population-Based Prospective Cohort Study.Epidemiologia (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Shared genetic mechanism between type 2 diabetes and COVID-19 using pathway-based association analysis.Frontiers in genetics · 2022Article
- Host polymorphisms and COVID-19 infection.Advances in clinical chemistry · 2022Article
- COVID-19, Cation Dysmetabolism, Sialic Acid, CD147, ACE2, Viroporins, Hepcidin and Ferroptosis: A Possible Unifying Hypothesis.F1000Research · 2022Review
- Association of ABO blood group with susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection in Rupandehi district of Nepal.SAGE open medicine · 2022Article
- ABO Blood Groups and the Incidence of Complications in COVID-19 Patients: A Population-Based Prospective Cohort Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Genome interaction of the virus and the host genes and non-coding RNAs in SARS-CoV-2 infection.Immunobiology · 2021Review
- Association between blood groups and COVID-19 outcome in Iranian patients.Future virology · 2021Article
- Association between ABO blood types and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), genetic associations, and underlying molecular mechanisms: a literature review of 23 studies.Annals of hematology · 2021Review
- Article
- Anti-A and SARS-CoV-2: an intriguing association.Vox sanguinis · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
While the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) protein is defined as the primary severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) receptor, the viral serine molecule might be mobilized by the host's transmembrane protease serine subtype 2 (TMPRSS2) enzyme from the viral spike (S) protein and hijack the host's N-acetyl-D-galactosamine (GalNAc) metabolism. The resulting hybrid, serologically A-like/Tn (T nouvelle) structure potentially acts as a host-pathogen functional molecular bridge. In humans, this intermediate structure will hypothetically be replaced by ABO(H) blood group-specific, mucin-type structures, in the case of infection hybrid epitopes, implicating the phenotypically glycosidic accommodation of plasma proteins. The virus may, by mimicking the synthetic pathways of the ABO(H) blood groups, bind to the cell surfaces of the blood group O(H) by formation of a hybrid H-type antigen as the potential precursor of hybrid non-O blood groups, which does not affect the highly anti-glycan aggressive anti-A and anti-B isoagglutinin activities, exerted by the germline-encoded nonimmune immunoglobulin M (IgM). In the non-O blood groups, which have developed from the H-type antigen, these IgM activities are downregulated by phenotypic glycosylation, while adaptive immunoglobulins might arise in response to the hybrid A and B blood group structures, bonds between autologous carbohydrates and foreign peptides, suggesting the exertion of autoreactivity. The non-O blood groups thus become a preferred target for the virus, whereas blood group O(H) individuals, lacking the A/B phenotype-determining enzymes and binding the virus alone by hybrid H-type antigen formation, have the least molecular contact with the virus and maintain the critical anti-A and anti-B isoagglutinin activities, exerted by the ancestral IgM, which is considered the humoral spearhead of innate immunity.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.