ReviewThe American journal of the medical sciences2021
Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Vaccine and Nonspecific Immunity.
Review in The American journal of the medical sciences, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- ESAT-6-derived lipopeptide-based mucosal vaccine elicits distinct humoral immune responses concomitant with a reduction inEmerging microbes & infections · 2026Article
- Viral Vaccine Adjuvant Strategies for Shaping Durable Immunity Across the Human Lifespan.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) Vaccination and the Immune-Brain Axis: Implications for Neuroprotection and Neurodegenerative Disease.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Impact of Vaccines Across the Lifespan: A New Perspective in Public Health-Conclusions of an Expert Panel-Part 1.Vaccines · 2026Review
- A narrative review of heterogeneity in SARS-CoV-2 infection outcomes and vaccine efficacy: strategizing pandemic preparedness in Africa.Frontiers in public health · 2026Review
- Unleashing the power of the BCG vaccine in modulating viral immunity through heterologous protection: A scoping review.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- Article
- Reactivation of BCG vaccination SCAR after influenza vaccination: a case report.Oxford medical case reports · 2025Article
- An Information-Theoretic Method for Identifying Effective Treatments and Policies at the Beginning of a Pandemic.Entropy (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Gonadal androgens are associated with decreased type I interferon production by plasmacytoid dendritic cells and increased IgG titres to BNT162b2 following co-vaccination with live attenuated influenza vaccine in adolescents.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- COVID-19: A novel holistic systems biology approach to predict its molecular mechanisms (in vitro) and repurpose drugs.Daru : journal of Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences · 2023Article
- Exploring BCG vaccination as a novel approach to prevent recurrent herpes labialis.EClinicalMedicine · 2023Article
- Specific and non-specific effects ofFrontiers in veterinary science · 2023Article
- The retrospective study of the metabolic patterns of BCG-vaccination in type-2 diabetic individuals in COVID-19 infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Intravesical BCG in patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer induces trained immunity and decreases respiratory infections.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2023Observational
- BCG Vaccination: A potential tool against COVID-19 and COVID-19-like Black Swan incidents.International immunopharmacology · 2022Review
- Review
- The Natural Effect of BCG Vaccination on COVID-19: The Debate Continues.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Nature of Acquired Immune Responses, Epitope Specificity and Resultant Protection from SARS-CoV-2.Journal of personalized medicine · 2021Review
- What Could Explain the Lower COVID-19 Burden in Africa despite Considerable Circulation of the SARS-CoV-2 Virus?International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine is one of the most widely used vaccines in the world. It protects against many non-mycobacterial infections secondary to its nonspecific immune effects. The mechanism for these effects includes modification of innate and adaptive immunity. The alteration in innate immunity is through histone modifications and epigenetic reprogramming of monocytes to develop an inflammatory phenotype, a process called "trained immunity." The memory T cells of adaptive immunity are also responsible for resistance against secondary infections after administration of BCG vaccine, a process called "heterologous immunity." Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine is known to not only boosts immune responses to many vaccines when they are co-administered but also decrease severity of these infections when used alone. The BCG vaccine by itself induces a TH1 type response, and its use as a vector has also shown promising results. This review article summarizes the studies showing effects of BCG vaccines on various viral infections, its role in enhancing vaccine responses, the mechanisms for this protective effect, and information on its effect on COVID-19.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.