SynthesisInternational urogynecology journal2021
Pregnancy, labour and delivery as risk factors for pelvic organ prolapse: a systematic review.
Synthesis in International urogynecology journal, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 91 citations in OpenAlex.
- PEOPLE: Lifestyle and comorbidities as risk factors for pelvic organ prolapse-a systematic review and meta-analysis PEOPLE: PElvic Organ Prolapse Lifestyle comorbiditiEs.International urogynecology journal · 2023Pooled it
- Lifestyle factors, metabolic factors and socioeconomic status for pelvic organ prolapse: a Mendelian randomization study.European journal of medical research · 2023Pooled it
- Mouse Knockout Models for Pelvic Organ Prolapse: a Systematic Review.International urogynecology journal · 2022Pooled it
- Visual Biofeedback (VB) through Trans-Perineal Ultrasound (TPU) during the active second stage of labor to improve maternal childbirth satisfaction: protocol of a randomized controlled trial.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2026Trial
- Obstetric Factors Associated with Pelvic Floor Disorders and Surgery 30 Years After Childbirth: A Prospective Cohort Study.International urogynecology journal · 2026Article
- Levator hiatus area from 21 weeks' gestation to 8 years after first delivery according to vaginal parity: prospective cohort study with an 8-year recall extension.Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology · 2026Article
- Identification of risk factors for postpartum pelvic floor dysfunction in a Chinese population: a retrospective study.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2026Article
- Feasibility study of transvaginal biplanar convex ultrasound for evaluating levator ani muscle.Journal of ultrasound · 2026Article
- Chronic Maternal Pelvic Morbidity: A Neglected Tragedy: Where is Pelvic Maternal Morbidity in Maternal and Child Health? : Advocating for a Public Health Approach to Pelvic Floor Disorders Resulting from Pregnancy and Childbirth Trauma.International urogynecology journal · 2026Article
- Association between glucose and lipid metabolism-related indicators and the occurrence and severity of pelvic organ prolapse in postmenopausal women.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Association between neonatal birthweight and maternal vaginal wall prolapse: a retrospective analysis of postpartum women.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Influence of induction of labor on morphological alterations in the pelvic floor after vaginal delivery determined by 4D transperineal ultrasound.BMC medical imaging · 2025Article
- Is two-dimensional oblique parasagittal ultrasound imaging valid for levator ani muscle assessment?Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology · 2025Article
- Ventral Rectopexy: An International Expert Panel Consensus and Review of Contemporary Literature.Diseases of the colon and rectum · 2025Article
- Prolapse in pregnancy.Case reports in women's health · 2025Article
- Extreme Uterine and Rectal Prolapse in a 31-Year-Old Patient: A Case Report.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Unveiling the depths of pelvic organ prolapse: From risk factors to therapeutic methods (Review).Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2025Review
- Insulin Resistance as a Biomarker for Pelvic Organ Prolapse in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Stratification by Delivery Modes.International journal of general medicine · 2025Article
- Risk factors for constipation during pregnancy: a multicentre prospective cohort study.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2024Observational
- The Development of a Forceps-Adaptable Pressure Device for Instrumental Delivery: A Proof-of-Concept Study for Clinical and Educational Applications.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionPregnancy and childbirth are considered risk factors for pelvic organ prolapse (POP). The long latency between obstetric events and morbidity hinders the establishment of cause-effect relationships. Recently, intermediate outcomes such as organ descent and levator avulsion (LA) have been identified. We aimed to assess the effect of obstetric events on symptoms and signs of POP and on LA.
methodsWe systematically reviewed the literature by searching PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane Library. We included studies in women examining associations between obstetric events and symptoms and signs of POP and LA, assessed through questionnaires, clinical examination and pelvic floor imaging. Two reviewers evaluated the studies for eligibility and for methodological quality/susceptibility to bias. We extracted study results and clustered them by outcome: symptoms of POP (sPOP), clinical findings of POP (cPOP) and LA. When appropriate, we performed a random-effect meta-analysis and reported the summary odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals. Heterogeneity across studies was assessed using the I
resultsThe first vaginal delivery was a risk factor for POP as measured by sPOP (OR: 2.65 [1.81-3.88]), cPOP (OR: 4.85 [2.15-10.94]) and in association with LA (OR: 41.6 [4.13- 419.41]). Forceps delivery was a risk factor for POP as measured by sPOP (OR: 2.51 [1.34-4.69]), cPOP (OR: 1.68 [1.21-2.34]) and in association with LA (OR: 5.92 [3.75-9.34]). Birth exclusively by caesarean was protective for sPOP (OR: 0.38 [0.29-0.51]) and for cPOP (OR: 0.29 [0.20-0.41]) and it did not confer any additional risk compared to nulliparity.
conclusionsThis review confirms a strong aetiological link between vaginal birth and POP, with the first vaginal and forceps delivery being the main determinants.
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