ReviewVirulence2021
Infection strategies of mycoplasmas: Unraveling the panoply of virulence factors.
Review in Virulence, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 49 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
49 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 75 citations in OpenAlex.
- Genital mycoplasma infections: a hidden factor in cervical cancer progression? A systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Pooled it
- Risk factors for refractoryFrontiers in pediatrics · 2025Pooled it
- Article
- Article
- Complete Blood Count-Derived Inflammatory Markers in Pediatric Lower Respiratory Tract Infection: A Narrative Review.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Exploring the functional microbiome of pigs within the porcine respiratory disease complex: viral-bacterial co-infections and virulence factor profiling.Microbiology spectrum · 2026Article
- The c-di-AMP binding protein NadD from Mesomycoplasma ovipneumoniae functions as a phosphodiesterase that inhibits host inflammatory responses.Veterinary research · 2026Article
- A multi-epitope vaccine targetingFrontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Comparative progress on the mechanisms of airway mucosal injury induced by different pathogens: SARS-CoV-2, influenza A virus, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
- Article
- Head trauma complicated with multi-site infections of Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis: a case report.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Role of P38 lipoprotein in Mycoplasma penetrans adhesion to human urothelial cells.BMC microbiology · 2025Article
- Unraveling the role of distinct cytoskeletal motility structures in Mycoplasma pneumoniae relatives.BMC microbiology · 2025Review
- Review
- Assessment of serum parameters caused by the outbreak of mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in children after COVID-19.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Comparative genomic analysis of Mycoplasma agalactiae strain GM139 highlights unique surface architecture and pathogenic determinants.Veterinary research · 2025Article
- Atypical pathogen community-acquired pneumonia: an analysis of clinical characteristics, drug treatment, and prognosis in the related patients.Molecular biology reports · 2025Review
- Development of human mycoplasma vaccines: navigating the IL-17A paradox.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- A comparative in silico analysis of the vlhA gene regions of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae isolates from commercial hen farms in Mexico.Access microbiology · 2025Article
- The Immune Modulatory Role of Surfactants inJournal of inflammation research · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Mycoplasmas, the smallest bacteria lacking a cell wall, can cause various diseases in both humans and animals. Mycoplasmas harbor a variety of virulence factors that enable them to overcome numerous barriers of entry into the host; using accessory proteins, mycoplasma adhesins can bind to the receptors or extracellular matrix of the host cell. Although the host immune system can eradicate the invading mycoplasma in most cases, a few sagacious mycoplasmas employ a series of invasion and immune escape strategies to ensure their continued survival within their hosts. For instance, capsular polysaccharides are crucial for anti-phagocytosis and immunomodulation. Invasive enzymes degrade reactive oxygen species, neutrophil extracellular traps, and immunoglobulins. Biofilm formation is important for establishing a persistent infection. During proliferation, successfully surviving mycoplasmas generate numerous metabolites, including hydrogen peroxide, ammonia and hydrogen sulfide; or secrete various exotoxins, such as community-acquired respiratory distress syndrome toxin, and hemolysins; and express various pathogenic enzymes, all of which have potent toxic effects on host cells. Furthermore, some inherent components of mycoplasmas, such as lipids, membrane lipoproteins, and even mycoplasma-generated superantigens, can exert a significant pathogenic impact on the host cells or the immune system. In this review, we describe the proposed virulence factors in the toolkit of notorious mycoplasmas to better understand the pathogenic features of these bacteria, along with their pathogenic mechanisms.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.