ReviewPharmacology research & perspectives2021
Biological drug therapy for ocular angiogenesis: Anti-VEGF agents and novel strategies based on nanotechnology.
Review in Pharmacology research & perspectives, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 52 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Therapeutic Benefits of Nanoencapsulation in Drug Delivery to the Anterior Segment of the Eye: A Systematic Review.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2022Pooled it
- In Vitro Anti-Cancer Effects ofJournal of evidence-based integrative medicinePooled it
- Pharmacological principles of intravitreal drug therapy and their implications for clinical practice: a primer for the ophthalmologist.Eye (London, England) · 2026Review
- Aptamer-Based Delivery Systems for VEGF and NGF Modulation in Ocular Therapies.Advanced healthcare materials · 2026Review
- Endophthalmitis rates following intravitreal injection of aflibercept using a prefilled syringe - a multicenter study.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2026Article
- Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy in uveitis: Bridging inflammation and vascular pathology.Indian journal of ophthalmology · 2026Review
- DeepStackVEGF a stacking ensemble deep learning framework for vascular endothelial growth factor prediction.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Understanding the link between lipid and ocular disorders for effective therapy.Archives of medical science : AMS · 2026Article
- Freeze-Dried Extracts ofPreventive nutrition and food science · 2026Article
- Prostaglandin EFrontiers in medicine · 2026Review
- Nanotechnology-Based Treatment for Ophthalmic Diseases.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
- OCT predictors of retinal atrophy in neovascular age-related macular degeneration treated with aflibercept.International journal of ophthalmology · 2025Article
- Advances in Controlled Release Formulations for Ocular Diseases: Improving Patient Compliance and Therapeutic Outcomes.Current drug metabolism · 2025Review
- Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD): Pathophysiology, Drug Targeting Approaches, and Recent Developments in Nanotherapeutics.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2024Review
- The impact of removing the epiretinal membrane and inner limiting membrane for sustained subretinal fluid by macular neovascularization refractory to anti-VEGF therapy.American journal of ophthalmology case reports · 2024Article
- Innovative Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery Systems for Advanced Treatment of Posterior Segment Ocular Diseases.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2024Review
- Niosome-encapsulated auraptene reduced the mRNA expression ofInternational journal of ophthalmology · 2024Article
- Sustained and Efficient Delivery of Antivascular Endothelial Growth Factor by the Adeno-associated Virus for the Treatment of Corneal Neovascularization: An Outlook for Its Clinical Translation.Journal of ophthalmology · 2024Review
- Applications of polymeric nanoparticles in drug delivery for glioblastoma.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024Review
- Experimental and mathematical approaches for drug delivery for the treatment of wet age-related macular degeneration.Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Currently, biological drug therapy for ocular angiogenesis treatment is based on the administration of anti-VEGF agents via intravitreal route. The molecules approved with this purpose for ocular use include pegaptanib, ranibizumab, and aflibercept, whereas bevacizumab is commonly off-label used in the clinical practice. The schedule dosage involves repeated intravitreal injections of anti-VEGF agents to achieve and maintain effective concentrations in retina and choroids, which are administrated as solutions form. In this review article, we describe the features of different anti-VEGF agents, major challenges for their ocular delivery and the nanoparticles in development as delivery system of them. In this way, several polymeric and lipid nanoparticles are explored to load anti-VEGF agents with the aim of achieving sustained drug release and thus, minimize the number of intravitreal injections required. The main challenges were focused in the loading the molecules that maintain their bioactivity after their release from nanoparticulate system, followed the evaluation of them through studies of formulation stability, pharmacokinetic, and efficacy in in vitro and in vivo models. The analysis was based on the information published in peer-reviewed published papers relevant to anti-VEGF treatments and nanoparticles developed as ocular anti-VEGF delivery system.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.