Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33693851›Full record

ArticleThe Journal of nutrition2021

Longitudinal Changes in Human Milk Oligosaccharides (HMOs) Over the Course of 24 Months of Lactation.

Jasmine F Plows, Paige K Berger, Roshonda B Jones, Tanya L Alderete, Chloe Yonemitsu, Julia A Najera, Sadaf Khwajazada, Lars Bode, Michael I Goran

Open access · greenAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in The Journal of nutrition, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 69 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
69citing papers in PubMed, 3 pooled it
6.3field-weighted citation impact, top 2% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

69 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 108 citations in OpenAlex.

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  15. Macronutrient concentrations in human milk beyond the first half year of lactation: a cohort study.Archives of disease in childhood. Fetal and neonatal edition · 2025
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9 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.

Jasmine F PlowsChildren's Hospital Los Angeles, The Saban Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Paige K BergerChildren's Hospital Los Angeles, The Saban Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Roshonda B JonesChildren's Hospital Los Angeles, The Saban Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Tanya L AldereteUniversity of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
Chloe YonemitsuDepartment of Pediatrics and Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
Julia A NajeraDepartment of Pediatrics and Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
Sadaf KhwajazadaDepartment of Pediatrics and Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
Lars BodeDepartment of Pediatrics and Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
Michael I GoranChildren's Hospital Los Angeles, The Saban Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Children's Hospital of Los Angeles · USUniversity of California, San Diego · USUniversity of Colorado Boulder · US

Funding

Impact of Sugars and Human Milk Oligosaccharides on Infant Microbiome and ObesityR01DK110793 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA · PI GORAN, MICHAEL ISAAC, PETERSON, BRADLEY S · 2017 to 2024
$6.0M
Home intervention for reducing sugary drinks & obesity in Hispanic women-infantsR01DK109161 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA · PI GORAN, MICHAEL ISAAC · 2016 to 2021
$3.6M
Near-Roadway and Ambient Air Pollution Exposure and the Gut Microbiome: Implications for Obesity and Insulin Resistance in AdolescenceR00ES027853 · NIEHS · UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO · PI ALDERETE, TANYA LYNN · 2018 to 2020
$721k
Role of Human Milk Oligosaccharides on Brain Development in Preterm InfantsR00HD098288 · NICHD · BRIGHAM AND WOMEN'S HOSPITAL · PI BERGER, PAIGE KIMBERLY · 2022 to 2024
$686k
Role of Human Milk Oligosaccharides on Infant Brain DevelopmentK99HD098288 · NICHD · CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL OF LOS ANGELES · PI BERGER, PAIGE KIMBERLY · 2020 to 2021
$180k
NICHD NIH HHS K99 HD098288NICHD NIH HHS R00 HD098288NIDDK NIH HHS R01 DK109161NIDDK NIH HHS R01 DK110793NIEHS NIH HHS R00 ES027853
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundHuman milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are complex glycans that are highly abundant in human milk. While over 150 HMOs have been identified, it is unknown how individual HMOs change in concentration over 24 months of lactation.

objectivesTo understand how HMO concentrations change over 24 months of lactation.

methodsBreast milk samples were collected from participants in a longitudinal cohort study of Hispanic mother-infant pairs at 1, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months postpartum. Concentrations of 19 of the most abundant HMOs were measured using HPLC. Because the parent study is ongoing and not all participants have finished all time points yet, the sample sizes ranged per time point (n = 207 at 1 month; n = 109 at 6 months; n = 83 at 12 months; n = 59 at 18 months; and n = 28 at 24 months). Approximately 88% of participants were classified as HMO secretors-a genetic factor that affects concentrations of HMOs such as 2'fucosyllactose (2'FL) and lacto-N-fucopentaose I-while the remaining 12% were classified as nonsecretors. Mixed models were used to examine changes in HMO concentrations and relative abundances over the course of lactation.

resultsThe majority of HMOs significantly decreased in concentration over the course of lactation. The exceptions were 2'FL, sialyl-lacto-N-tetraose b, and disialyl-lacto-N-tetraose, which did not change with time, and 3-fucosyllactose (3FL) and 3'-sialyllactose (3'SL), which significantly increased. The concentration of 3FL increased 10-fold, from 195 (IQR 138-415) μg/mL at 1 month to 1930 (1100-2630) μg/mL at 24 months, while 3'SL increased 2-fold, from 277 (198-377) μg/mL to 568 (448-708) μg/mL over the same time period.

conclusionsThese results indicate that HMOs do not decrease in concentration uniformly across lactation. In particular, 3FL and 3'SL increased over the course of lactation in this cohort. Future studies are required to fully understand the functions of these HMOs.

Indexed as

Child, PreschoolChromatography, High Pressure LiquidCohort StudiesFemaleHispanic or LatinoHumansInfantInfant, NewbornLactationLongitudinal StudiesMaleMilk, HumanModels, BiologicalOligosaccharidesTrisaccharides2'-fucosyllactoselacto-N-fucopentaose IOligosaccharidesTrisaccharidesbreast milkchangeshuman milk oligosaccharideslactationmilk

Identifiers

PMID33693851
PMCPMC8030713
OpenAlexW3133747243

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.