SynthesisThe Journal of nutrition2021
Associations of Total Legume, Pulse, and Soy Consumption with Incident Type 2 Diabetes: Federated Meta-Analysis of 27 Studies from Diverse World Regions.
Synthesis in The Journal of nutrition, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 47 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sustainable dietary recommendations for the Spanish population.European journal of clinical nutrition · 2026Pooled it
- Chickpea attenuates postprandial blood glucose responses: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Nutrition journal · 2025Pooled it
- Effectiveness of Chickpeas on Blood Sugar: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Nutrients · 2023Pooled it
- Associations between exploratory dietary patterns and incident type 2 diabetes: a federated meta-analysis of individual participant data from 25 cohort studies.European journal of nutrition · 2022Pooled it
- Associations between exploratory dietary patterns and incident type 2 diabetes: a federated meta-analysis of individual participant data from 25 cohort studies.European journal of nutrition · 2022Pooled it
- A legume-enriched diet improves metabolic health in prediabetes mediated through gut microbiome: a randomized controlled trial.Nature communications · 2025Trial
- Article
- Legume Consumption in Relation to Ulcerative Colitis: A Case-Control Study.Current therapeutic research, clinical and experimental · 2026Article
- Pulse Consumption and Metabolic Syndrome: Findings from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Optimal Intake of Animal-Source Foods: A Scoping Review to Inform a New WHO Guideline.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2025Article
- Contextualization of Diabetes: A Review of Reviews from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Countries.Current diabetes reports · 2025Review
- Development and Validation of the Meiji Nutritional Profiling System per Serving Size.Nutrients · 2024Article
- Pulse Consumption and Health Outcomes: A Scoping Review.Nutrients · 2024Article
- Development and Validation of the Meiji Nutritional Profiling System (Meiji NPS) to Address Dietary Needs of Adults and Older Adults in Japan.Nutrients · 2024Article
- Plasma metabolite profile of legume consumption and future risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.Cardiovascular diabetology · 2024Article
- Benefits of Soybean in the Era of Precision Medicine: A Review of Clinical Evidence.Journal of microbiology and biotechnology · 2023Review
- Accessibility of covariance information creates vulnerability in Federated Learning frameworks.Bioinformatics (Oxford, England) · 2023Article
- Article
- Comprehensive Approach to Medical Nutrition Therapy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: From Diet to Bioactive Compounds.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Plant bioactive compounds from Mediterranean diet improve risk factors for metabolic syndrome.International journal of food sciences and nutrition · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
39 authors at 20 institutions in 16 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe consumption of legumes is promoted as part of a healthy diet in many countries but associations of total and types of legume consumption with type 2 diabetes (T2D) are not well established. Analyses across diverse populations are lacking despite the availability of unpublished legume consumption data in prospective cohort studies.
objectiveTo examine the prospective associations of total and types of legume intake with the risk of incident T2D.
methodsMeta-analyses of associations between total legume, pulse, and soy consumption and T2D were conducted using a federated approach without physical data-pooling. Prospective cohorts were included if legume exposure and T2D outcome data were available and the cohort investigators agreed to participate. We estimated incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and CIs of associations using individual participant data including ≤42,473 incident cases among 807,785 adults without diabetes in 27 cohorts across the Americas, Eastern Mediterranean, Europe, and Western Pacific. Random-effects meta-analysis was used to combine effect estimates and estimate heterogeneity.
resultsMedian total legume intake ranged from 0-140 g/d across cohorts. We observed a weak positive association between total legume consumption and T2D (IRR = 1.02, 95% CI: 1.01 to 1.04) per 20 g/d higher intake, with moderately high heterogeneity (I2 = 74%). Analysis by region showed no evidence of associations in the Americas, Eastern Mediterranean, and Western Pacific. The positive association in Europe (IRR = 1.05, 95% CI: 1.01 to 1.10, I2 = 82%) was mainly driven by studies from Germany, UK, and Sweden. No evidence of associations was observed for the consumption of pulses or soy.
conclusionsThese findings suggest no evidence of an association of legume intakes with T2D in several world regions. The positive association observed in some European studies warrants further investigation relating to overall dietary contexts in which legumes are consumed, including accompanying foods which may be positively associated with T2D.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.