ArticleAmerican journal of epidemiology2021
Matched Versus Unmatched Analysis of Matched Case-Control Studies.
Article in American journal of epidemiology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed.
- Post-matching analysis after coarsened exact matching: implications of coarsening for residual confounding and model dependence.Research square · 2026Article
- Examining the Efficacy of Coarsened Exact Matching as an Alternative to Propensity Score Matching.Statistics in medicine · 2026Article
- The role of noninfectious comorbidities in the association between severe infections and risk of dementia in Finland: A nationwide registry study.PLoS medicine · 2026Article
- Sex-specific differences in healthcare utilization and preventive service uptake between immigrant and native-born populations in Spain: a matched analysis of the 2023 national health survey.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Mendelian Randomization Methods for Causal Inference: Estimands, Identification and Inference.Statistics in medicine · 2026Review
- Knowledge, attitudes, stigma perceptions, and practices towards HIV testing among youths aged 18-35 years in Kumba, Cameroon: a community-based cross-sectional study.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Propensity Score Matching: should we use it in designing observational studies?BMC medical research methodology · 2025Article
- High ambient temperature in pregnancy and risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: an observational study.The Lancet. Planetary health · 2024Observational
- Health-related risk behaviors among U.S. childhood cancer survivors: a nationwide estimate.BMC cancer · 2024Article
- Lifetime risk of severe kidney disease in lithium-treated patients: a retrospective study.International journal of bipolar disorders · 2023Article
- Article
- Cell-free, high-density lipoprotein-specific phospholipid efflux assay predicts incident cardiovascular disease.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2023Article
- Exogenous female sex steroid hormones and new-onset asthma in women: a matched case-control study.BMC medicine · 2023Article
- Assessment of Differentiated Thyroid Carcinomas in French Polynesia After Atmospheric Nuclear Tests Performed by France.JAMA network open · 2023Article
- Association of Proton Pump Inhibitor Use With Risk of Acquiring Drug-Resistant Enterobacterales.JAMA network open · 2023Article
- audit_cc: A Stata command for the analysis of matched case-control audits of cervical cancer screening.Informatics in medicine unlocked · 2023Article
- Conditional or unconditional logistic regression for frequency matched case-control design?Statistics in medicine · 2022Article
- Early development score as a prognostic factor in nonverbal/minimally verbal children with autism spectrum disorder: A matched case-control study in Cyprus.Autism & developmental language impairmentsArticle
- Birth characteristics and risk of meningioma in a population-based study in California.Neuro-oncology advancesArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Although the need for addressing matching in the analysis of matched case-control studies is well established, debate remains as to the most appropriate analytical method when matching on at least 1 continuous factor. We compared the bias and efficiency of unadjusted and adjusted conditional logistic regression (CLR) and unconditional logistic regression (ULR) in the setting of both exact and nonexact matching. To demonstrate that case-control matching distorts the association between the matching variables and the outcome in the matched sample relative to the target population, we derived the logit model for the matched case-control sample under exact matching. We conducted simulations to validate our theoretical conclusions and to explore different ways of adjusting for the matching variables in CLR and ULR to reduce biases. When matching is exact, CLR is unbiased in all settings. When matching is not exact, unadjusted CLR tends to be biased, and this bias increases with increasing matching caliper size. Spline smoothing of the matching variables in CLR can alleviate biases. Regardless of exact or nonexact matching, adjusted ULR is generally biased unless the functional form of the matched factors is modeled correctly. The validity of adjusted ULR is vulnerable to model specification error. CLR should remain the primary analytical approach.
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