ArticleBMJ open ophthalmology2021
Socioeconomic risk factors and age-related macular degeneration in the UK Biobank study.
Article in BMJ open ophthalmology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 28 citations in OpenAlex.
- The effects of age-related macular degeneration on work productivity: A meta-analysis.European journal of ophthalmology · 2024Pooled it
- The Effect of Dietary Supplementations on Delaying the Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Nutrients · 2022Pooled it
- Prevalence of macular disorders assessed by OCT in adults 45 years and older from Parintins - the Brazilian Amazon Region Eye Survey (BARES).International journal of retina and vitreous · 2026Article
- The role of general practice in the identification of age-related vision impairment and chronic eye diseases: a systematic review.BJGP open · 2025Article
- The burden of age-related macular degeneration and its socioeconomic associates in the Eastern Mediterranean Region from 1990 to 2021.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Article
- Socioeconomic factors and the risk of eye diseases in an elderly Danish population.Journal of epidemiology and community health · 2025Article
- Life's Essential 8, Genetic Susceptibility, and the Risk of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Prospective Cohort Study.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Article
- Nut consumption is associated with a lower risk of all-cause dementia in adults: a community-based cohort study from the UK Biobank.GeroScience · 2025Article
- Novel anthropometric indices are superior adiposity indexes to portend visual impairment in middle-aged and older Chinese population.BMJ open ophthalmology · 2024Article
- Diagnostic accuracy of self-reported age-related macular degeneration in the ASPREE Longitudinal Study of Older Persons.Eye (London, England) · 2024Article
- Do Socioeconomic Inequalities Exist Within Ophthalmology and Orthoptics in the UK?: A Scoping Review.The British and Irish orthoptic journal · 2024Article
- Demographic and Socioeconomic Factors in Prospective Retina-Focused Clinical Trial Screening and Enrollment.Journal of personalized medicine · 2023Article
- Ophthalmology and Artificial Intelligence: Present or Future? A Diabetic Retinopathy Screening Perspective of the Pursuit for Fairness.Frontiers in ophthalmology · 2022Article
- Anti-VEGF and Other Novel Therapies for Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration: An Update.BioDrugs : clinical immunotherapeutics, biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveThere is contrasting evidence on the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the most common cause of visual impairment (VI) in developed countries. This study examines the relationship between SES, cardiovascular risk factors and self-reported AMD. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: Over 500000 people participated in the UK Biobank study from 2006 to 2019, with sociodemographic data and clinical measurements collected using standardised procedures. Visual acuity was measured in 117907 participants with VI defined as LogMAR ≤0.3. We used logistic regression to examine the cross-sectional associations between SES and self-reported AMD.
resultsSelf-reported AMD was available for 133339 participants aged 50 and older. People reporting AMD had higher academic qualifications, lower income, were unable to work due to disability, have higher BMI, diabetes and vascular heart disease after adjusting for age and sex. In a multivariable analysis, higher income was protective of AMD and economic inactivity due to disability increased the odds of AMD (2.02, 95% CI 1.13 to 3.61). Both associations were independent of cardiovascular factors, but was no longer significant after adjusting for VI.
conclusionsThe association between education, employment and household income with AMD was independent of cardiovascular risk factors.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.