ArticleScience immunology2021
Inflammatory profiles across the spectrum of disease reveal a distinct role for GM-CSF in severe COVID-19.
Article in Science immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 148 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
148 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 254 citations in OpenAlex.
- The immunopathological spectrum of COVID-19: from cytokine storm to autoimmunity-a systematic review.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Pooled it
- The effect of dietary weight-loss interventions on the inflammatory markers interleukin-6 and TNF-alpha in adults with obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials.Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity · 2025Pooled it
- Circulating Type I Interferon Levels and COVID-19 Severity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Pooled it
- Levels of circulating kidney injury markers and IL-10 identify non-critically ill patients with COVID-19 at risk of death.JCI insight · 2026Trial
- Pharmacokinetics, Safety and Tolerability of Intravenous Lenzilumab, an Anti-GM-CSF Monoclonal Antibody Drug, in Healthy Korean Subjects.Drug design, development and therapy · 2025Trial
- Dimethyl fumarate in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial.Nature communications · 2024Trial
- Trial
- A randomised trial of anti-GM-CSF otilimab in severe COVID-19 pneumonia (OSCAR).The European respiratory journal · 2023Trial
- Anti-Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Monoclonal Antibody Gimsilumab for COVID-19 Pneumonia: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-controlled Trial.American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine · 2022Trial
- Namilumab or infliximab compared with standard of care in hospitalised patients with COVID-19 (CATALYST): a randomised, multicentre, multi-arm, multistage, open-label, adaptive, phase 2, proof-of-concept trial.The Lancet. Respiratory medicine · 2022Trial
- Lenzilumab in hospitalised patients with COVID-19 pneumonia (LIVE-AIR): a phase 3, randomised, placebo-controlled trial.The Lancet. Respiratory medicine · 2022Trial
- Treatment with soluble CD24 attenuates COVID-19-associated systemic immunopathology.Journal of hematology & oncology · 2022Trial
- Colchicine in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial.The Lancet. Respiratory medicine · 2021Trial
- Colchicine for community-treated patients with COVID-19 (COLCORONA): a phase 3, randomised, double-blinded, adaptive, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial.The Lancet. Respiratory medicine · 2021Trial
- The CCR2 inflammatory pathway is a target for improving severe disease and pulmonary inflammation in experimental COVID-19.Virulence · 2026Article
- Article
- GM-CSF orchestrates monocyte and granulocyte responses to Cryptococcus gattii.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Targeting Leukopoiesis: Pharmacological and Biotechnological Strategies for the Treatment of Leukopenia.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- IFITM3 deficiency drives SARS-CoV-2 adaptation while preserving variant-specific traits.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Cognition, Cytokines, Blood-Brain Barrier, and Beyond in COVID-19: A Narrative Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
88 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
27 authors at 10 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
While it is now widely accepted that host inflammatory responses contribute to lung injury, the pathways that drive severity and distinguish coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from other viral lung diseases remain poorly characterized. We analyzed plasma samples from 471 hospitalized patients recruited through the prospective multicenter ISARIC4C study and 39 outpatients with mild disease, enabling extensive characterization of responses across a full spectrum of COVID-19 severity. Progressive elevation of levels of numerous inflammatory cytokines and chemokines (including IL-6, CXCL10, and GM-CSF) were associated with severity and accompanied by elevated markers of endothelial injury and thrombosis. Principal component and network analyses demonstrated central roles for IL-6 and GM-CSF in COVID-19 pathogenesis. Comparing these profiles to archived samples from patients with fatal influenza, IL-6 was equally elevated in both conditions whereas GM-CSF was prominent only in COVID-19. These findings further identify the key inflammatory, thrombotic, and vascular factors that characterize and distinguish severe and fatal COVID-19.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.