SynthesisBMC oral health2021
Effects of mouth breathing on facial skeletal development in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in BMC oral health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 63 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
63 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 108 citations in OpenAlex.
- Dental arch dimension and palatal morphology in children and adolescents with mouth breathing: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC oral health · 2026Pooled it
- Malocclusion characteristics amongst individuals with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC oral health · 2022Pooled it
- Mandibular Advancement in Dentofacial Orthopaedics: Effects on Pharyngeal Airway, Dentoskeletal Characteristics and Quality of Life: A Randomised Controlled Trial.Orthodontics & craniofacial research · 2026Trial
- Clinical effects of twin-block combined with maxillary expansion on the upper airway in adolescents with Class II malocclusion.Clinical oral investigations · 2024Trial
- Signalling Pathways and Mechanical Forces Interact in Craniofacial Development and Homeostasis.International dental journal · 2026Review
- Altered Salivary Microbiome and Increased Immune Markers in Mouth-Breathing Children: Implications for Oral Health.International dental journal · 2026Article
- Effects of functional jaw orthopedics with maxillary expansion on palatal morphology, mandibular growth, airway dimensions, and oral function in Class II malocclusion: A randomized controlled trial.Korean journal of orthodontics · 2026Article
- Cytotoxicity Assessment of the Effects of Pre-Orthodontic Trainer Appliances on Human Gingival Fibroblasts: AnTurkish journal of orthodontics · 2026Article
- Age-stratified study on symptoms of upper airway obstruction and craniofacial development in children.BMC oral health · 2026Article
- Mouth Breathing and Craniofacial Development in Children: A Systematic Narrative Review and Clinical Implications.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- The association of malocclusion severity and uncertainty stress with mouth-breathing behavior in adults: a cross-sectional study.BMC oral health · 2026Article
- The Myofunctional Rehabilitation of Atypical Swallowing in Children and Adolescents With Stress-Related Detrimental Habits: Single-Center Longitudinal Study in Ukraine.Clinical and experimental dental research · 2026Observational
- Sleep-Disordered Breathing and Behavioral Symptoms in Pediatric Orthodontic Patients: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Multidimensional analysis of the impact of adenoid hypertrophy on pediatric dentofacial and airway structures and construction of a diagnostic model.European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · 2026Article
- Clinical significance of mouth breathing as a marker of severity in pediatric obstructive sleep apnea.BMC oral health · 2026Article
- Upper airway dimensions in adolescents with different craniofacial growth patterns: a retrospective cross-sectional comparison of independent samples from 2005 and 2020.BMC oral health · 2026Article
- Impact of vertical facial patterns and oral habits on microbial colonization in children and adolescents: a cross-sectional study.BMC pediatrics · 2026Article
- Endoscopic contouring of posterior nasal aperture in children clinical efficacy of multiplanar stenotic OSA: a retrospective cohort study.BMC pediatrics · 2026Article
- Computational fluid dynamics simulation of upper airway flow and soft tissue deformation in a mouth-breathing patient: a case study.BMC oral health · 2026Article
- Correlation of malocclusion and mouth breathing rates from a novel monitor.Clinical oral investigations · 2026Article
3 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundMouth breathing is closely related to the facial skeletal development and malocclusion. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the effect of mouth breathing on facial skeletal development and malocclusion in children.
methodsAn electronic search in PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Medline, Web of Science, EMBASE and Sigle through February 23rd, 2020, was conducted. Inclusion criteria were children under 18 years of age with maxillofacial deformities due to mouth breathing. The risk of bias in nonrandomized studies of interventions (ROBINS-I) tool for controlled clinical trials. The Grading of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach was used for the quality assessment. The included indicators were SNA, SNB, ANB, SN-OP, SN-PP, PP-MP, SNGoGn, MP-H, 1-NA, 1. NA, 1. NB, 1-NB, Overjet, Overbite, SPAS, PAS, and C3-H. Data concerning the mean difference in mesial molar movement and extent of canine retraction were extracted for statistical analysis. The mean differences and 95% confidence intervals were analyzed for continuous data. Review Manager 5.3, was used to synthesize various parameters associated with the impact of mouth breathing on facial skeletal development and malocclusion.
resultsFollowing full-text evaluations for eligibility, 10 studies were included in the final quantitative synthesis. In Sagittal direction, SNA (MD: - 1.63, P < 0.0001), SNB (MD: - 1.96, P < 0.0001) in mouth-breathing children was lower than that in nasal-breathing children. ANB (MD: 0.90, P < 0.0001), 1. NA (MD: 1.96, P = 0.009), 1-NA (MD: 0.66, P = 0.004), and 1-NB (MD: 1.03, P < 0.0001) showed higher values in children with mouth breathing. In vertical direction, SN-PP (MD: 0.68, P = 0.0050), SN-OP (MD: 3.05, P < 0.0001), PP-MP (MD: 4.92, P < 0.0001) and SNGoGn (MD: 4.10, P < 0.0001) were higher in mouth-breathing individuals. In airway, SPAS (MD: - 3.48, P = 0.0009), PAS (MD: - 2.11, P < 0.0001), and C3-H (MD: - 1.34, P < 0.0001) were lower in mouth breathing group.
conclusionsThe results showed that the mandible and maxilla rotated backward and downward, and the occlusal plane was steep. In addition, mouth breathing presented a tendency of labial inclination of the upper anterior teeth. Airway stenosis was common in mouth-breathing children. Trial registration crd-register@york.ac.uk, registration number CRD42019129198.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.