ArticleEmerging microbes & infections2021
Heterologous prime-boost: breaking the protective immune response bottleneck of COVID-19 vaccine candidates.
Article in Emerging microbes & infections, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 3 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 108 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Immunogenicity and Safety of Heterologous Combinations of COVID-19 Vaccines Available Under Emergency Use Authorization in Pakistan: A Randomized Phase II Trial
Phase II Study to Evaluate Immunogenicity and Safety in Subjects With Evidence of Prior Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 of a Single Intramuscular or Intranasal Dose of the Live Recombinant Newcastle Disease Virus Based AVX/COVID-12 Vaccine
Phase II/III Parallel, Double-blind, Non-inferiority Study With Active Control, to Evaluate the Immunogenicity and Safety of a Booster Immunization Scheme With a Single Intramuscular Dose of the Recombinant Vaccine Against SARS-CoV-2
Who cites it
108 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 166 citations in OpenAlex.
- Recent advances on coxsackievirus A6 vaccine research.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Pooled it
- The effectiveness of the first dose COVID-19 booster vs. full vaccination to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe COVID-19 clinical event: a meta-analysis and systematic review of longitudinal studies.Frontiers in public health · 2023Pooled it
- Antibody titers of individuals vaccinated for COVID-19: A systematic review.Journal of biosciences · 2023Pooled it
- Safety, immunogenicity, persistence and dose evaluation of the CS-2034 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine: a phase II randomized controlled trial in healthy Chinese adults.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Trial
- Trial
- Immunogenicity and Reactogenicity of Vaccine Boosters after Ad26.COV2.S Priming.The New England journal of medicine · 2022Trial
- Heterologous AD5-nCOV plus CoronaVac versus homologous CoronaVac vaccination: a randomized phase 4 trial.Nature medicine · 2022Trial
- Safety and immunogenicity of heterologous versus homologous prime-boost schedules with an adenoviral vectored and mRNA COVID-19 vaccine (Com-COV): a single-blind, randomised, non-inferiority trial.Lancet (London, England) · 2021Trial
- Evaluation of a multiantigen mRNA vaccine against EEHV1A in Asian elephants.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- Heterologous Prime-Boost Vaccination with GRA35-Encoding DNA and mRNA Vaccines Enhances Protective Immunity AgainstMicroorganisms · 2026Article
- Heterologous saRNA prime - multivalent protein boost strategy induces broad and durable immunity against SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- A pilot study on a heterologous prime-boost approach for inducing an immune response against double-layered human rotavirus particles.BMC research notes · 2025Article
- Immunogenicity and efficacy of homologous and heterologous NDV and MVA SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in mice and hamsters.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Hybrid Immunity in a Mozambican Cohort After 1 or 2 Doses of the BBIBP-CorV Vaccine.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2025Article
- Vaccination Strategies and Research Gaps in Hepatitis E Virus for Special Populations.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Article
- Chimeric receptor-binding domain vaccine design and sequential immunization enhanced broadly neutralizing antibody responses against COVID-19.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Heterologous prime-boost vaccination drives stromal activation and adaptive immunity against SARS-CoV-2 variants.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Effective cellular and neutralizing immunity against SARS-CoV-2 after mRNA booster vaccination is associated with pDC and B cell activation.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- HIV vaccination: Navigating the path to a transformative breakthrough-A review of current evidence.Health science reports · 2024Article
48 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
COVID-19 vaccines emerging from different platforms differ in efficacy, duration of protection, and side effects. To maximize the benefits of vaccination, we explored the utility of employing a heterologous prime-boost strategy in which different combinations of the four types of leading COVID-19 vaccine candidates that are undergoing clinical trials in China were tested in a mouse model. Our results showed that sequential immunization with adenovirus vectored vaccine followed by inactivated/recombinant subunit/mRNA vaccine administration specifically increased levels of neutralizing antibodies and promoted the modulation of antibody responses to predominantly neutralizing antibodies. Moreover, a heterologous prime-boost regimen with an adenovirus vector vaccine also improved Th1-biased T cell responses. Our results provide new ideas for the development and application of COVID-19 vaccines to control the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
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Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.