Trial reportPloS one2021
Autologous adoptive immune-cell therapy elicited a durable response with enhanced immune reaction signatures in patients with recurrent glioblastoma: An open label, phase I/IIa trial.
Trial report in PloS one, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy of CAR-T-Cell-Based Immunotherapies in Patients With Glioma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2026Pooled it
- A systematic review of immunotherapy in high-grade glioma: learning from the past to shape future perspectives.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2024Pooled it
- Glioblastoma Immunotherapy: A Systematic Review of the Present Strategies and Prospects for Advancements.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Pooled it
- The promise of immunotherapy for central nervous system tumours.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Review
- Cell therapy for brain tumors: The first 60 years.Cell reports. Medicine · 2026Review
- Update of NK cell therapy in pediatric brain tumors.Journal of neuro-oncology · 2026Review
- Natural killer cell dysfunction in glioma: from immune evasion to immunotherapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Current Status and Evolution of Immunotherapy in Glioma Management.International journal of medical sciences · 2026Review
- Immunological Biomarkers in Glioblastoma: Targeting T and NK Cells for Enhanced Diagnosis and Prognosis.Biologics : targets & therapy · 2026Review
- Prospects and applications of NK therapy in the treatment of gliomas (Review).Oncology reports · 2025Review
- Killing the killers: Natural killer cell therapy targeting glioma stem cells in high-grade glioma.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2025Review
- Article
- Unraveling the immunosuppressive microenvironment of glioblastoma and advancements in treatment.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- CAR T cell therapy for central nervous system solid tumors: current progress and future directions.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Clinical and translational advances in primary brain tumor therapy with a focus on glioblastoma-A comprehensive review of the literature.World neurosurgery: X · 2024Review
- Advanced tumor electric fields therapy: A review of innovative research and development and prospect of application in glioblastoma.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2024Review
- Complement and coagulation cascades are associated with prognosis and the immune microenvironment of lower-grade glioma.Translational cancer research · 2024Article
- Dysregulation of inflammasome activation in glioma.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2023Review
- Hallmarks of the Tumour Microenvironment of Gliomas and Its Interaction with Emerging Immunotherapy Modalities.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Polymorphisms of Killer Ig-like Receptors and the Risk of Glioblastoma.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is an aggressive malignancy classified by the World Health Organization as a grade IV glioma. Despite the availability of aggressive standard therapies, most patients experience recurrence, for which there are currently no effective treatments. We aimed to conduct a phase I/IIa clinical trial to investigate the safety and efficacy of adoptive, ex-vivo-expanded, and activated natural killer cells and T lymphocytes from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with recurrent GBM. This study was a single-arm, open-label, investigator-initiated trial on 14 patients recruited between 2013 and 2017. The immune cells were administered via intravenous injection 24 times at 2-week intervals after surgical resection or biopsy. The safety and clinical efficacy of this therapy was examined by assessing adverse events and comparing 2-year overall survival (OS). Transcriptomic analysis of tumor tissues was performed using NanoString to identify the mechanism of therapeutic efficacy. No grade 4 or 5 severe adverse events were observed. The most common treatment-related adverse events were grade 1 or 2 in severity. The most severe adverse event was grade 3 fever. Median OS was 22.5 months, and the median progression-free survival was 10 months. Five patients were alive for over 2 years and showed durable response with enhanced immune reaction transcriptomic signatures without clinical decline until the last follow-up after completion of the therapy. In conclusion, autologous adoptive immune-cell therapy was safe and showed durable response in patients with enhanced immune reaction signatures. This therapy may be effective for recurrent GBM patients with high immune response in their tumor microenvironments. Trial registration: The Korea Clinical Research Information Service database: KCT0003815, Registered 18 April 2019, retrospectively registered.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.