ArticlePaediatric and perinatal epidemiology2021
Occurrence of fatal police violence during pregnancy and hazard of preterm birth in California.
Article in Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 33 citations in OpenAlex.
- Urinary oxidative stress biomarkers are associated with preterm birth: an Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes program study.American journal of obstetrics and gynecology · 2023Pooled it
- Structural racism and adverse maternal health outcomes: A systematic review.Health & place · 2022Pooled it
- Place-Based Structural Disadvantage, Lethal Police Violence, and Adverse Birth Outcomes Among Black Birthing People.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2026Article
- Mapping definitions and measures of police violence in health literature: a scoping review.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Relationships Between Extreme Ambient Temperatures, Neighborhood Structural Deprivation, and Fatal Police Violence: A Case-Crossover Analysis.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2026Article
- Heightened risk of fatal police violence in and around reservations for American Indian/Alaska Native peoples in the United States.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- A multidimensional tool for quantifying structural racism: Application to adverse pregnancy outcomes in Chicago, Illinois.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2025Article
- The U.S. Criminal Legal System and Population Health.Current epidemiology reports · 2025Article
- Neighborhood-level fatal police violence and severe maternal morbidity in California.American journal of epidemiology · 2024Article
- Latina Women's Perinatal Experiences and Perspectives Around Discrimination, Anti-immigrant Policies, and Community Violence.Journal of obstetric, gynecologic, and neonatal nursing : JOGNN · 2024Article
- Neighbourhood-level policing as a racialised gendered stressor: multilevel analysis of police stops and preterm birth in Seattle, Washington.Journal of epidemiology and community health · 2024Article
- Associations between Individual- and Structural-Level Racism and Gestational Age at Birth in the Nulliparous Pregnancy Outcomes Study: Monitoring Mothers-to-Be.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2024Article
- Investigating the Black Birth Experience: A Race-Stratified Analysis of Preterm Birth Risk and Exposure to Metropolitan Statistical Area-Level Police-Related Deaths, US 2018-2019.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2024Article
- Eviction as a community health exposure.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2024Review
- Associations Between State and Local Government Spending and Pregnancy-Related Mortality in the U.S.American journal of preventive medicine · 2023Article
- Racialized police use of force and birth outcomes.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2023Article
- Addressing systemic problems with exposure assessments to protect the public's health.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2023Review
- Neighborhood Proactive Policing and Racial Inequities in Preterm Birth in New Orleans, 2018‒2019.American journal of public health · 2023Article
- Neighborhood conditions and birth outcomes: Understanding the role of perceived and extrinsic measures of neighborhood quality.Environmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2022Article
- A comprehensive framework for operationalizing structural racism in health research: The association between mass incarceration of Black people in the U.S. and adverse birth outcomes.SSM - population health · 2022Review
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundExposure to fatal police violence may play a role in population-level inequities in risk for preterm delivery.
objectiveTo evaluate whether exposure to fatal police violence during pregnancy affects the hazard of preterm delivery and whether associations differ by race/ethnicity and fetal sex.
methodsWe leveraged temporal variation in incidents of fatal police violence within census tracts to assess whether occurrence of fatal police violence in a person's tract during pregnancy was associated with increased hazard of extremely (20-27 weeks), early (28-31 weeks), moderate (32-33 weeks), and late (32-36 weeks) preterm delivery in California from 2007 to 2015. We used both death records and the Fatal Encounters database to identify incidents of fatal police violence. We estimated hazard ratios (HR) using time-varying Cox proportional hazard models stratified by census tract, controlling for age, race/ethnicity, educational attainment, health insurance type, parity, and the year and season of conception. We further stratified by race/ethnicity and infant sex to evaluate whether there were differential effects by these characteristics.
resultsExposure to an incident of fatal police violence was associated with a small increase in the hazard of late preterm birth using both the death records (N = 376,029; hazard ratio [HR] 1.05, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.00, 1.10) and the Fatal Encounters data (N = 938,814; HR 1.03, 95% CI 1.00, 1.06). We also observed an association for moderate preterm birth in the Fatal Encounters data (HR 1.06, 95% CI 0.98, 1.15). We did not observe associations for early or extremely preterm birth in either data source. Larger relative hazards of moderate (HR 1.25, 95% CI 0.93, 1.68) and late preterm delivery (HR 1.18, 95% CI 1.05, 1.33) were observed among Black birth parents with female births in the Fatal Encounters data.
conclusionsPreventing police use of lethal force may reduce preterm delivery in communities where such violence occurs.
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