ArticleCancer causes & control : CCC2021
Trends in oral contraceptive and intrauterine device use among reproductive-aged women in the US from 1999 to 2017.
Article in Cancer causes & control : CCC, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 40 citations in OpenAlex.
- Insights and limitations of endometrial cancer risk prediction models for clinical applicability: a systematic review.BMC cancer · 2025Pooled it
- Retained versus removed copper intrauterine device during pregnancy: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis.Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica · 2025Pooled it
- Effects of Hormonal Contraception and the Menstrual Cycle on Maximal Strength and Power Performance.Medicine and science in sports and exercise · 2024Trial
- Adolescent Hormonal Contraceptive Use in the Context of Brain Development and Depression Risk: A Review and Considerations for Future Research.Biological psychiatry global open science · 2026Review
- Prescribed Short-Acting Hormonal Contraceptive Use Among Premenopausal Females.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Contraceptive use, adherence, and perceptions among women aged 18-45 years in Czechia: a 2019 cross-sectional quota-based online survey.Reproductive health · 2026Article
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- The association between levonorgestrel intrauterine devices and female fertility compared to other contraceptive methods: A historical cohort study.International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics · 2026Article
- Spontaneous Fracture of Copper Intrauterine Devices: A Decade-Long Retrospective Analysis From a Single Tertiary Center.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2025Article
- Hormonal Contraception and Endometrial Thickness in IVF/ICSI Cycles: A Multicentre Historical Cohort Study.BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology · 2025Article
- The Impact of Intrauterine Devices on the Risk of Ureaplasma Species Overgrowth: A Review of the Literature.Cureus · 2025Review
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- Association between combined oral contraceptive prescription and cervical artery dissection: A retrospective cohort study.Thrombosis research · 2025Article
- Factors associated with male acceptance of modern contraceptive methods. A descriptive cross-sectional study in a peri-urban municipality.Contraception and reproductive medicine · 2025Article
- An in-vivo study of the safety of copper-containing intrauterine devices in 3.0 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging.Abdominal radiology (New York) · 2024Article
- Prevention of Ovarian Cancer: Where are We Now and Where are We Going?Current oncology reports · 2024Review
- Incidence of rosacea after placement of intrauterine devices: a retrospective analysis.Archives of dermatological research · 2024Article
- Trends in uterine cancer incidence in the United States: The contribution of age, period and cohort effects.Gynecologic oncology · 2024Article
- Comparing cohort and period trends of early-onset colorectal cancer: a global analysis.JNCI cancer spectrum · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
purposeSince the 1960s, increasing oral contraceptive (OC) use has mirrored decreasing ovarian cancer incidence. The impact of intrauterine devices (IUDs) on cancer risk is less well established. With improved access and increased options, we must consider how changing usage can affect cancer risks.
methodsNationally representative data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 1999-2016) and the National Survey for Family Growth (NSFG, 2006-2017) were used to evaluate contraceptive use over time in premenopausal women (NHANES n = 13,179; NSFG n = 26,262). Trends were assessed overall and by race, age, pregnancy history, education, and body mass index.
resultsThe average annual absolute increase in self-reported IUD use was 0.81% (NSFG), while OC use decreased 0.49% in NSFG and 0.47% in NHANES. This represents a significant decrease in OC use in NSFG [annual percent change (APC) - 2.2% (95% CI - 3.4, - 1.0%), p < 0.01]. Trends in OC use varied somewhat by pregnancy history in NHANES (p-interaction = 0.054). In contrast, IUD use increased 6.2% annually [(1.4, 11.2%), p = 0.03] and varied significantly by pregnancy history (p-interaction < 0.01). Nulligravid women increased IUD use 11.0% annually [(2.6, 20.1%), p = 0.02] compared to women with prior pregnancy at 5.2% [(0.4, 10.2%), p = 0.04]. In 2015-2017, IUD use was 76.5% hormonal (71.1, 81.8%) and 22.9% copper (17.4, 28.3%) with greater hormonal IUD use in obese women [89.4%, (82.9, 95.9%)].
conclusionIncreasing IUD use outpaced declining OC use in premenopausal US women. There may be a resulting decreased gynecologic cancer risk as more women gain access to potentially risk-reducing contraceptives.
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Registered trials
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