Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33688220›Full record

ReviewInfection and drug resistance2021

Evidence of Antibiotic Resistance from Population-Based Studies: A Narrative Review.

Elisa Giacomini, Valentina Perrone, Davide Alessandrini, Daniela Paoli, Carmela Nappi, Luca Degli Esposti

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Infection and drug resistance, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
31citing papers in PubMed, 3 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

31 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Pooled it
  3. Pooled it
  4. Article
  5. Review
  6. The rise and future of peptide-based antimicrobials.Journal of microbiology (Seoul, Korea) · 2026
    Review
  7. Review
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. Article
  11. Review
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  13. Time-Sensitive Antibiotic Adjustments in Gram-Negative Bacteremia: A Survival Perspective.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2025
    Article
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. Review
  18. Article
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Elisa GiacominiCliCon S.r.l. Health, Economics & Outcomes Research, Ravenna, Italy.
Valentina PerroneCliCon S.r.l. Health, Economics & Outcomes Research, Ravenna, Italy.
Davide AlessandriniCliCon S.r.l. Health, Economics & Outcomes Research, Ravenna, Italy.
Daniela PaoliCliCon S.r.l. Health, Economics & Outcomes Research, Ravenna, Italy.
Carmela NappiCliCon S.r.l. Health, Economics & Outcomes Research, Ravenna, Italy.
Luca Degli EspostiCliCon S.r.l. Health, Economics & Outcomes Research, Ravenna, Italy.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The 20th century witnessed the dawn of the antibiotic revolution and is now facing the rising phenomenon of antibiotic resistance. In this narrative review, we aim to describe antibiotic resistance in clinical practice settings through population-based studies from different countries reporting the role of misuse of antibiotics in the development of resistance and the clinical and economic burden associated. The misuse of antibiotics was documented in the wide population as well as in hospitals and care facilities. It was mainly reported as over-use and inappropriate prescribing. Improper dosage regimens and longer treatment duration were regarded as pivotal factors related to antibiotic resistance; the emerging strategy of "antibiotic-de-escalation" could be the key to overcome these issues. The investigation of the self-medication attitude revealed widespread antibiotic use without following medical instructions or medical consultation. Moreover, several studies established the association of antibiotic resistance with increased risk of longer hospitalizations and mortality, highlighting the heavy clinical and economic burden of this phenomenon. In this narrative review, the widespread inappropriate use of antibiotics emerged as one of the main causes of antibiotic resistance, which negative outcomes call for the development of antibiotic stewardship programs and global surveillance networks.

Indexed as

antibiotic utilizationantimicrobial resistancereal-world

Identifiers

PMID33688220
PMCPMC7937387

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.