ArticleInvestigative ophthalmology & visual science2021
Emmetropic, But Not Myopic Human Eyes Distinguish Positive Defocus From Calculated Blur.
Article in Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers.
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Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed, 59 citations in OpenAlex.
- Short-term effects of distant-image screen and myopic defocus on choroidal thickness in children: a randomized pilot clinical trial.Frontiers in public health · 2026Trial
- Age-continuous centile curves reveal upper-tail divergence of anisometropia in 389 056 schoolchildren: implications for risk stratification in myopia control.BMJ open ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Sustained Plus Lens Defocus Alters Retinal Responses and Ciliary Muscle Morphology In Myopes and Near-emmetropes.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2026Article
- Mesopic Illumination in Natural Environments: Implications for Myopia Research.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2026Article
- Variations of axial eye shortening in response to positive defocus over the day.Journal of optometry · 2026Article
- Short-Term Effects of Optically Induced and Digitally Simulated Myopic Blur on Retinal Perfusion: Insights From Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- Orthokeratology and retinal risk: a new dimension in myopia control.Translational pediatrics · 2026Article
- Correlation between retinal defocus distribution and axial growth in myopic children wearing orthokeratology lenses.BMC ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Impact of Myopia Control Spectacles on Retinal Image Contrast.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- S-Cone Retinal Pathway Dysfunction in Myopia.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- IMI: The Role of Light in Refractive Development and Myopia: Evidence from Animal and Human Studies.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Review
- The Influence of Highly Aspherical Lenslets on Choroidal Thickness and Axial Length.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Methylphenidate Inhibits the Development of Myopia by Altering Dopamine and Norepinephrine Reuptake.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Article
- Optical and Visual Diet in Myopia.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Review
- Is central vision (and a fovea) needed for emmetropisation?Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2025Article
- Retinal Responses to Short- and Longer-Term Predominant ON or OFF Stimulation in Emmetropes and Myopes.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Article
- Ocular biometric responses to simulated polychromatic defocus.Journal of vision · 2024Article
- Impact of Astigmatism on Axial Elongation in School-Age Children: A Five-Year Population-Based Study in Tianjin, China.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2024Article
- Peripheral Contrast Reduction Optically Induced by Scattering Lenses Thickens Peripheral Choroid.Translational vision science & technology · 2024Article
- Increase in choroidal thickness after blue light stimulation of the blind spot in young adults.Bioelectronic medicine · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Purpose: Defocus blur imposed by positive lenses can induce hyperopia, whereas blur imposed by diffusers induces deprivation myopia. It is unclear whether the retina can distinguish between both conditions when the magnitude of blur is matched. Methods: Ten emmetropic (average 0.0 ± 0.3 diopters [D]) and 10 subjects with myopia (-2.7 ± 0.9 D; 24 ± 4 years) watched a movie on a large screen (65 inches at 2 meters (m) distance. The movie was presented either unfiltered ("control"), with calculated low-pass filtering equivalent to a defocus of 2.5 D, or with binocular real optical defocus of +2.5 D. Spatial filtering was done in real-time by software written in Visual C++. Axial length was followed with the Lenstar LS-900 with autopositioning system. Results: Watching unfiltered movies ("control") caused no changes in axial length. In emmetropes, watching movies with calculated defocus caused axial eye elongation (+9.8 ± 7.6 µm) while watching movies with real positive defocus caused shorter eyes (-8.8 ± 9.2 µm; difference between both P < 0.0001). In addition, in myopes, calculated defocus caused longer eyes (+8.4 ± 9.0 µm, P = 0.001). Strikingly, myopic eyes became also longer with positive defocus (+9.1 ± 11.2 µm, P = 0.02). The difference between emmetropic and myopic eyes was highly significant (-8.8 ± 9.2 µm vs. +9.1 ± 11.2 µm, respectively, P = 0.001). Conclusions: (1) In emmetropic human subjects, the retina is able to distinguish between real positive defocus and calculated defocus even when the modulation transfer function was matched, (2) in myopic eyes, the retina no longer distinguishes between both conditions because the eyes became longer in both cases. Results suggest that the retina in a myopic eye has reduced ability to detect positive defocus.
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