ArticleAlzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association2021
Head injury and 25-year risk of dementia.
Article in Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 44 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
44 citing papers in PubMed, 69 citations in OpenAlex.
- Traumatic Brain Injury and the Road to Alzheimer's Disease.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Neurodegenerative decline following a mild traumatic brain injury: a case report.Journal of medical case reports · 2026Article
- Neuroprotective therapy after traumatic brain injury: does the window for treatment extend for months?Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2026Article
- Head injury/traumatic brain injury and the risk of dementia: An observational and Mendelian randomization study.The journal of prevention of Alzheimer's disease · 2026Observational
- The Use of Digital Neurocognitive Assessments to Assess Traumatic Brain Injury and Dementia in Older Trauma Patients: An Emergency Department Feasibility Study.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Prior Concussions and Risk of Disability for Patients After a Motor Vehicle Crash.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Traumatic Brain Injury and All-Cause and Dementia-Related Mortality in the Framingham Heart Study.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Traumatic Brain Injury and Depressive Symptoms in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Prospective Cohort Study.Neurology · 2025Article
- Rate of incident dementia and care needs among older adults with new traumatic brain injury: a population-based cohort study.CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne · 2025Article
- Traumatic brain injury, changes in plasma amyloid, tau, and neurodegenerative biomarkers, and dementia risk.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Article
- Comparison of different definitions of traumatic brain injury: implications for cohort characteristics and survival in women, Philadelphia, USA.Injury prevention : journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention · 2025Article
- Beliefs About the Causes of Alzheimer's Disease Among Latinos in New York City.Journal of community health · 2025Article
- Risk of Mortality Among Adult Females Diagnosed with Traumatic Brain Injury in an Academic Medical System.Neurotrauma reports · 2025Article
- MicroRNAs Detected in Whole Blood Following Traumatic Brain Injury Are Associated with Recovery 6 Months after Injury.Neurotrauma reports · 2025Article
- Risk factors for Alzheimer's disease and related dementias in U.S. honor cultures.SSM - population health · 2024Article
- Traumatic brain injury and cognitive change over 30 years among community-dwelling older adults.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2024Article
- Serum NfL and GFAP as biomarkers of progressive neurodegeneration in TBI.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2024Article
- Sleep apnea, hypoxia, and late-onset epilepsy: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study.Sleep · 2024Article
- Sex differences in the extent of acute axonal pathologies after experimental concussion.Acta neuropathologica · 2024Article
- 2024 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
introductionHead injury is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Long-term associations of head injury with dementia in community-based populations are less clear.
methodsProspective cohort study of 14,376 participants (mean age 54 years at baseline, 56% female, 27% Black, 24% with head injury) enrolled in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Head injury was defined using self-report and International Classification of Diseases, Ninth/Tenth Revision (ICD-9/10) codes. Dementia was defined using cognitive assessments, informant interviews, and ICD-9/10 and death certificate codes.
resultsHead injury was associated with risk of dementia (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.44, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.3-1.57), with evidence of dose-response (1 head injury: HR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.13-1.39, 2+ head injuries: HR = 2.14, 95% CI = 1.86-2.46). There was evidence for stronger associations among female participants (HR = 1.69, 95% CI = 1.51-1.90) versus male participants (HR = 1.15, 95% CI = 1.00-1.32), P-for-interaction < .001, and among White participants (HR = 1.55, 95% CI = 1.40-1.72) versus Black participants (HR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.02-1.45), P-for-interaction = .008. DISCUSSION: In this community-based cohort with 25-year follow-up, head injury was associated with increased dementia risk in a dose-dependent manner, with stronger associations among female participants and White participants.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.