ArticleCanadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie2022
Associations between Lifetime Spanking/Slapping and Adolescent Physical and Mental Health and Behavioral Outcomes.
Article in Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 12 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence of physical abuse by caregivers toward infants aged 0-24 months: a systematic review and meta-analysis.EClinicalMedicine · 2026Article
- Parenting Interventions to Prevent and Reduce Physical Punishment: A Scoping Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Article
- The Time Has Come to Repeal Section 43 of the Criminal Code.Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie · 2024Article
- An Examination of Parents' Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) History and Reported Spanking of Their Child: Informing Child Maltreatment Prevention Efforts.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Associations between spanking beliefs and reported spanking among adolescents-parent/caregiver dyads in a Canadian sample.BMC public health · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundMany parents use physical forms of punishment, including spanking to correct perceived misbehavior. While some authors suggest spanking/slapping is a distinct and "milder" form of physical punishment, parents' use of spanking is consistently associated with poor outcomes for their children. However, less is known about the relationship between spanking/slapping and health and behavioral outcomes in adolescence independent of other childhood adversities.
objectivesThe objectives of this study were to examine the associations between lifetime experiences of spanking on the bottom and/or slapping on the hand and 3 adolescent outcomes: (a) mental health disorders, (b) physical health conditions, and (c) defiant behaviors, after adjusting for other types of childhood adversities and child maltreatment.
methodsCross-sectional data from the provincially representative 2014 Ontario Child Health Study (
resultsLifetime spanking/slapping was independently associated with increased odds of mental health disorders, physical health conditions, and defiant behaviors in adolescence after adjusting for childhood adversities and child maltreatment (unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios ranging from 1.29 to 2.19).
conclusionsThese findings suggest that lifetime spanking/slapping is uniquely associated with harmful mental, physical, and behavioral outcomes in adolescence, and efforts should focus on its prevention.
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Registered trials
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