ReviewNature reviews. Rheumatology2021
TNF in the era of immune checkpoint inhibitors: friend or foe?
Review in Nature reviews. Rheumatology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05867004 (Blocking TNF to Potentiate the ICI-dependent Immune Awakening in Melanoma), which is not on this map. Cited by 109 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Blocking TNF to Potentiate the ICI-dependent Immune Awakening in Melanoma
Who cites it
109 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 144 citations in OpenAlex.
- Avoidance of cardiac toxicity during the application of immune checkpoint inhibitors: a safety systematic review combining network meta-analysis and pharmacovigilance study.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Inhibitor Use and Malignancy Risk: A Systematic Review and Patient Level Meta-Analysis.Cancers · 2025Pooled it
- Cardiovascular adverse events associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Pooled it
- Natural and iatrogenic ocular manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review.International ophthalmology · 2022Pooled it
- TNF signature in advanced melanoma patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: Results from the MELANFα clinical study.International journal of cancer · 2025Trial
- Analysis of PD1, LAG3, TIGIT, and TIM3 expression in human lung adenocarcinoma reveals a 25-gene signature predicting immunotherapy response.Cell reports. Medicine · 2024Trial
- Low-dose IL-2 improved clinical symptoms by restoring reduced regulatory T cells in patients with refractory rheumatoid arthritis: A randomized controlled trial.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Trial
- TNFR1 expression on cancer cells mediates immune escape and an immunosuppressive microenvironment.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2026Article
- Obesity-driven adipokine signaling in breast cancer: mechanistic insights, therapeutic challenges, and opportunities for precision oncology.Journal of pathology and translational medicine · 2026Article
- Hepatic and Pancreatobiliary Immune-Related Adverse Events in Patients Receiving Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Multidisciplinary Approach.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Experimental Detection Methods and Clinical Translational Challenges of Disulfidptosis in Cancer.Cells · 2026Review
- Cytokine multimerization: when more is more and sometimes less.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Review
- The anti-tumour activity of TNF in melanoma is determined by cFLIP.Cell death & disease · 2026Article
- Article
- Cytokine Networks Reprogramming the Osteo-Immune Microenvironment in Cancer Bone Metastasis.Calcified tissue international · 2026Review
- Astaxanthin Vesicles Improve Alcoholic Liver Disease Through Oxidative Stress and NF-κB Inflammatory Pathway.Food science & nutrition · 2026Article
- Immunological Drug-Drug Interactions in Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy: Mechanisms, Clinical Evidence, and Artificial Intelligence.Current oncology reports · 2026Review
- Circulating Cytokines in Melanoma Prognosis: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Review
- TNF-α blockade mitigates immune checkpoint-related nephritis in a humanized mouse model.JCI insight · 2026Article
- TNF-alpha: Roles in pathogenesis and therapeutics in cancer.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2026Review
49 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are effective in the treatment of patients with advanced cancer and have emerged as a pillar of standard cancer care. However, their use is complicated by adverse effects known as immune-related adverse events (irAEs), including ICI-induced inflammatory arthritis. ICI-induced inflammatory arthritis is distinguished from other irAEs by its persistence and requirement for long-term treatment. TNF inhibitors are commonly used to treat inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, spondyloarthropathies and inflammatory bowel disease, and have also been adopted as second-line agents to treat irAEs refractory to glucocorticoid treatment. Experiencing an irAE is associated with a better antitumour response after ICI treatment. However, whether TNF inhibition can be safely used to treat irAEs without promoting cancer progression, either by compromising ICI therapy efficacy or via another route, remains an open question. In this Review, we discuss clinical and preclinical studies that address the relationship between TNF, TNF inhibition and cancer. The bulk of the evidence suggests that at least short courses of TNF inhibitors are safe for the treatment of irAEs in patients with cancer undergoing ICI therapy. Data from preclinical studies hint that TNF inhibition might augment the antitumour effect of ICI therapy while simultaneously ameliorating irAEs.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.