ArticleCommunications biology2021
Forward dynamic simulation of Japanese macaque bipedal locomotion demonstrates better energetic economy in a virtualised plantigrade posture.
Article in Communications biology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 17 citations in OpenAlex.
- Heel-strike mechanics reveal evolutionary trade-offs in hominin bipedalism.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Simulating human foot mechanics during walking based on an anatomically detailed forward dynamic finite element model.Annals of biomedical engineering · 2026Article
- Kinematic and kinetic adjustments of Japanese macaques during quadrupedal walking on horizontal poles.The Journal of experimental biology · 2026Article
- Gorilla knuckle-walking mechanics suggest independent evolution in African great apes.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Regulation of whole-body angular momentum during human walking.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Functional significance of vertical free moment for generation of human bipedal walking.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Non-human primate models and systems for gait and neurophysiological analysis.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2023Review
- Acquisition of bipedal locomotion in a neuromusculoskeletal model with unilateral transtibial amputation.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
A plantigrade foot with a large robust calcaneus is regarded as a distinctive morphological feature of the human foot; it is presumably the result of adaptation for habitual bipedal locomotion. The foot of the Japanese macaque, on the other hand, does not have such a feature, which hampers it from making foot-ground contact at the heel during bipedal locomotion. Understanding how this morphological difference functionally affects the generation of bipedal locomotion is crucial for elucidating the evolution of human bipedalism. In this study, we constructed a forward dynamic simulation of bipedal locomotion in the Japanese macaque based on a neuromusculoskeletal model to evaluate how virtual manipulation of the foot structure from digitigrade to plantigrade affects the kinematics, dynamics, and energetics of bipedal locomotion in a nonhuman primate whose musculoskeletal anatomy is not adapted to bipedalism. The normal bipedal locomotion generated was in good agreement with that of actual Japanese macaques. If, as in human walking, the foot morphology was altered to allow heel contact, the vertical ground reaction force profile became double-peaked and the cost of transport decreased. These results suggest that evolutionary changes in the foot structure were important for the acquisition of human-like efficient bipedal locomotion.
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