Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33686200›Full record

ArticleNature human behaviour2021

Genetic correlates of socio-economic status influence the pattern of shared heritability across mental health traits.

Andries T Marees, Dirk J A Smit, Abdel Abdellaoui, Michel G Nivard, Wim van den Brink, Damiaan Denys, Titus J Galama, Karin J H Verweij, Eske M Derks

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Nature human behaviour, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
41citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

41 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Parental income and psychiatric disorders from age 10 to 40: a genetically informative population study.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2026
    Article
  5. Article
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  8. Socioeconomic context influences the heritability of child cortical structure.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025
    Article
  9. Article
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  12. Article
  13. Virtues as protective factors for adolescent mental health.Journal of research on adolescence : the official journal of the Society for Research on Adolescence · 2025
    Article
  14. Article
  15. Exome sequencing identifies genes for socioeconomic status in 350,770 individuals.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025
    Article
  16. Article
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Andries T Marees *Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. a.t.marees@vu.nl.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1224-0792
Dirk J A Smit *Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8301-8860
Abdel Abdellaoui *Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1088-6784
Michel G NivardDepartment of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2015-1888
Wim van den BrinkDepartment of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8301-0121
Damiaan DenysDepartment of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3191-3844
Titus J GalamaDepartment of Economics, School of Business and Economics, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Karin J H VerweijDepartment of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9868-7821
Eske M DerksQIMR Berghofer, Translational Neurogenomics Group, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. eske.derks@qimrberghofer.edu.au.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6292-6883

Funding

Identifying modifiable aspects of gene-by-environment interplay in later-life cognitive declineRF1AG055654 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA · PI FAUL, JESSICA, GALAMA, TITUS JOHANNES · 2017 to 2018
$4.3M
Identifying gene-by-environment interplay in health behaviorR56AG058726 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA · PI GALAMA, TITUS JOHANNES · 2020 to 2020
$842k
NIA NIH HHS R56 AG058726NIA NIH HHS RF1 AG055654
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Epidemiological studies show high comorbidity between different mental health problems, indicating that individuals with a diagnosis of one disorder are more likely to develop other mental health problems. Genetic studies reveal substantial sharing of genetic factors across mental health traits. However, mental health is also genetically correlated with socio-economic status (SES), and it is therefore important to investigate and disentangle the genetic relationship between mental health and SES. We used summary statistics from large genome-wide association studies (average N ~ 160,000) to estimate the genetic overlap across nine psychiatric disorders and seven substance use traits and explored the genetic influence of three different indicators of SES. Using genomic structural equation modelling, we show significant changes in patterns of genetic correlations after partialling out SES-associated genetic variation. Our approach allows the separation of disease-specific genetic variation and genetic variation shared with SES, thereby improving our understanding of the genetic architecture of mental health.

Indexed as

Educational StatusIncomeMental HealthSocial ClassAlcohol DrinkingAnorexia NervosaAnxiety DisordersAttention Deficit Disorder with HyperactivityAutism Spectrum DisorderBipolar DisorderGenetic Predisposition to DiseaseGenetic VariationGenome-Wide Association StudyHumansLatent Class AnalysisMajor Depressive Disorder

Identifiers

PMID33686200
PMCPMC8376746

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.