Trial reportAnnals of family medicine
App-Based Treatment in Primary Care for Urinary Incontinence: A Pragmatic, Randomized Controlled Trial.
Trial report in Annals of family medicine. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Rehabilitative Effects of Online Pelvic Floor Muscle Exercises on Female Urinary Incontinence Across Various Life Stages: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.International journal of nursing practice · 2026Pooled it
- Efficacy of mobile apps for urinary incontinence in women: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Frontiers in public health · 2026Pooled it
- The effectiveness of eHealth interventions on female pelvic floor dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis.International urogynecology journal · 2022Pooled it
- Effect of pelvic floor muscle training using mobile health applications for stress urinary incontinence in women: a systematic review.BMC women's health · 2022Pooled it
- Remote Access to Urinary Incontinence Treatments for Women Veterans: The PRACTICAL Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2025Trial
- Mobile App-Based Self-Management of Urinary Incontinence in Pregnant Women: Multicenter Pragmatic Randomized Controlled Trial.Journal of medical Internet research · 2025Trial
- One year effectiveness of an app-based treatment for urinary incontinence in comparison to care as usual in Dutch general practice: A pragmatic randomised controlled trial over 12 months.BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology · 2022Trial
- Cost-effectiveness of an app-based treatment for urinary incontinence in comparison with care-as-usual in Dutch general practice: a pragmatic randomised controlled trial over 12 months.BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology · 2022Trial
- Trial
- Barriers and Facilitators Associated With App-Based Treatment for Female Urinary Incontinence: Mixed Methods Evaluation.JMIR mHealth and uHealth · 2021Trial
- Digital Health Interventions Incorporating Behavior Change Techniques and Gamification for Bladder Health in Adults Aged 50 Years and Older: Rapid Review.Interactive journal of medical research · 2026Review
- Home-Based Self-Management Multimodal Pelvic Health Programs for Urinary Incontinence in Women: A Scoping Review.International urogynecology journal · 2026Article
- Behavioral treatment of urinary incontinence: a guideline-driven narrative review.Gynecology and pelvic medicine · 2026Review
- Attitudes and Perceptions of eHealth Among Female Patients with Urinary Incontinence and Healthcare Providers: A Systematic Review and Thematic Synthesis.Risk management and healthcare policy · 2025Review
- 2024 Canadian Urological Association guideline: Female stress urinary incontinence.Canadian Urological Association journal = Journal de l'Association des urologues du Canada · 2024Article
- The relation between usage of an eHealth intervention for stress urinary incontinence and treatment outcomes: an observational study.BMC primary care · 2024Observational
- Digital Care Program for Urinary Incontinence in Females: A Large-Scale, Prospective, Cohort Study.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Pelvic Floor Muscle Training Using the Perifit Device for the Treatment of Urinary Incontinence: A Pragmatic Trial Using Real-World Data.Women's health reports (New Rochelle, N.Y.) · 2024Article
- Digital Technologies for Women's Pelvic Floor Muscle Training to Manage Urinary Incontinence Across Their Life Course: Scoping Review.JMIR mHealth and uHealth · 2023Article
- Virtual medicine in urology: Is it here to stay?Canadian Urological Association journal = Journal de l'Association des urologues du Canada · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeElectronic application (app)-based treatment is promising for common diseases with good conservative management options, such as urinary incontinence (UI) in women, but its effectiveness compared with usual care is unclear. This study set out to determine if app-based treatment for women with stress, urgency, or mixed UI was noninferior to usual care in the primary care setting.
methodsThe URinControl trial is a pragmatic, noninferiority randomized controlled trial in Dutch primary care including adult women with 2 episodes of UI per week. From July 2015 to July 2018, we screened 350 women for eligibility. A stand-alone app-based treatment with pelvic floor muscle and bladder training (URinControl) was compared with usual care according to the Dutch general practitioner guideline for UI treatment. Outcomes measured were change in symptom severity score from baseline to 4 months (primary outcome), impact on disease-specific quality of life, patient-perceived improvement, and number of UI episodes. Noninferiority (<1.5 points) was assessed with linear regression analysis.
resultsA total of 262 eligible women were randomized equally; 195 of them had follow-up through 4 months. The change in symptom severity with app-based treatment (-2.16 points; 95% CI, -2.67 to -1.65) was noninferior to that with usual care (-2.56 points; 95% CI, -3.28 to -1.84), with a mean difference of 0.058 points (95% CI, -0.776 to 0.891) between groups. Neither treatment was superior to the other, and both groups showed improvements in outcome measures after treatment.
conclusionsApp-based treatment for women with UI was at least as effective as usual care in the primary care setting. As such, app-based treatments, with their potential advantages of privacy, accessibility, and lower cost, may provide women with a good alternative to consultation.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.