ArticleChild neuropsychology : a journal on normal and abnormal development in childhood and adolescence2021
NIH Toolbox executive function measures with developmental extensions: Reliability and validity with preschoolers in emergency housing.
Article in Child neuropsychology : a journal on normal and abnormal development in childhood and adolescence, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed.
- Classroom-Integrated Kettlebell Training: Effects on Motor Performance, Attention, and Health in Primary School Children.The Journal of school health · 2026Article
- Developmental cascades linking executive functions with internalizing and externalizing problems in early childhood through early adolescence.Psychological medicine · 2025Article
- Early childhood trauma exposure and neurocognitive and emotional processes: Associations in young children in a partial hospital program.Development and psychopathology · 2025Article
- A short executive functioning questionnaire in the context of early childhood screening: psychometric properties.Child neuropsychology : a journal on normal and abnormal development in childhood and adolescence · 2025Article
- Cognitive deficits and enhancements in youth from adverse conditions: An integrative assessment using Drift Diffusion Modeling in the ABCD study.Developmental science · 2024Article
- The Role of Executive Function at 6 Years in the Association between Behavioral Inhibition at 5 Years and Anxiety at 7 Years.Research on child and adolescent psychopathology · 2024Article
- Predictive Validity of the NIH Toolbox Executive Function Measures with Developmental Extensions from Early Childhood to Third Grade Achievement.Developmental neuropsychology · 2023Article
- How do 3-year-olds do on the NIH Toolbox Cognitive Battery?Child neuropsychology : a journal on normal and abnormal development in childhood and adolescence · 2023Article
- Using the Flanker Task to Examine Genetic and Environmental Contributions in Inhibitory Control Across the Preschool Period.Behavior genetics · 2023Article
- Neurocognitive monitoring in congenital central hypoventilation syndrome with the NIH Toolbox®.Pediatric pulmonology · 2022Article
- Measurement of Cognition for the National Children's Study.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Research has shown that executive function (EF) skills are associated with resilience in preschoolers experiencing risk and adversity, but these studies have typically relied on large batteries of tasks to measure children's EF skills. There is a need for brief, reliable EF assessments that can be used in the field with diverse young children. The current study assessed the validity and test-retest reliability of two tablet-based EF tasks from the NIH Toolbox: The Dimensional Change Card Sort (DCCS) and the Flanker Inhibitory Control and Attention Test, each with a developmental extension (Dext) that is triggered when a child struggles with the standardized versions. Dext versions include easier levels intended to improve task accessibility for younger and disadvantaged children. Eighty-six preschoolers residing in emergency housing participated in two study sessions about one week apart, completing tablet-based DCCS-Dext and Flanker-Dext tasks, along with a table-top EF task (Peg-Tapping) and measures of vocabulary and numeracy. The majority of participants triggered the Dext portion of the DCCS and almost half triggered the Dext portion of the Flanker, underscoring the need for extensions of the Toolbox EF tasks to lower the floor of these measures. The Dext EF measures were positively associated with Peg-Tapping, after controlling for age and vocabulary, indicating construct validity. They were also correlated with math achievement, suggesting criterion validity. DCCS-Dext and Flanker-Dext showed moderate test-retest reliability after one week. Together, these findings demonstrate the value of developmental extensions for assessing EF skills among children experiencing risk and adversity.
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