Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33684772›Full record

Trial reportDrug and alcohol dependence2021

Trends in overdose experiences and prevention behaviors among people who use opioids in Baltimore, MD, 2017-2019.

Lauren Dayton, Alyona Mazhnaya, Kristin E Schneider, Xiangrong Kong, Abigail Winiker, Melissa Davey-Rothwell, Karin E Tobin, Carl A Latkin

Open access · greenAbstract readRandomized Controlled Trial
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in Drug and alcohol dependence, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
7citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
1.6field-weighted citation impact, top 18% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

7 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 11 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Fentanyl Purity and Overdose Decline: A Reexamination of Geographic Trends.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026
    Article
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.

Lauren DaytonDepartment of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. Electronic address: ldayton2@jhu.edu.
Alyona MazhnayaDepartment of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA; School of Public Health, National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy, Voloska St, 10, Kyiv, 02000, Ukraine.
Kristin E SchneiderDepartment of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
Xiangrong KongDepartment of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA; Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
Abigail WinikerDepartment of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
Melissa Davey-RothwellDepartment of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
Karin E TobinDepartment of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
Carl A LatkinDepartment of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
Johns Hopkins University · USNational University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy · UA

Funding

NIDA Epidemiology Training Program: Johns Hopkins UniversityT32DA007292 · NIDA · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · PI RENEE M. JOHNSON, Brion S Maher · 1993 to 2026
$17.7M
The Effects of Drug Use, Depression, and Social Factors on HIV/HCV Care Continuum among PWID in Urban Areas: A Social-Network PerspectiveR01DA040488 · NIDA · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · PI LATKIN, CARL A, TOBIN, KARIN E · 2015 to 2020
$4.0M
A pilot Peer Mentor intervention that trains Black MSM to use and promote uptake of HIV/STI self-testing to peers and sex partners.R34MH118178 · NIMH · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · PI TOBIN, KARIN E · 2019 to 2021
$737k
NIDA NIH HHS R01 DA040488NIDA NIH HHS T32 DA007292NIMH NIH HHS R34 MH118178
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundLittle is known about trends in overdose behaviors. This study explored non-fatal overdose and engagement in overdose prevention behaviors and compared these trends to city-wide overdose fatality rates from 2017 to 2019 in Baltimore, MD.

methodsThe analysis included people who used opioids (PWUO; N = 502) recruited through a community-based study. Enrollment date was used to categorize participants into annual quarters. Logistic regression models examined change in overdose experiences and prevention behaviors with time. Baltimore's fatal overdoses were also mapped over the study period to assess overlaps in trends.

resultsThe majority of the sample were male(68 %), Black(61 %), reported past 6 months homelessness(56 %), and were on average 45 years old. Most had witnessed(61 %), and 28 % had personally experienced an overdose in the past 6 months. Witnessing overdose marginally increased(aβ = 0.182;p = 0.058) while experiencing overdose did not significantly change by enrollment quarter. Most participants had or had been prescribed naloxone(72 %), and one fifth(22 %) regularly carried naloxone, with both access to(aβ = 0,408;p = 0.002) and carrying naloxone(aβ = 0.302;p = 0.006) increasing over time. Overdose communication remained stable, with 63 % of participants reporting discussing overdose sometimes/often. Among participants who injected (n = 376), regularly injecting alone decreased(aβ=-0.207;p = 0.055), and reporting others often/always having naloxone with them when injecting increased over time(aβ = 0.573;p < 0.001).

conclusionsWitnessed overdose marginally increased from 2017 to 2019, aligning with city trends of fatal overdose. Overdose prevention behaviors significantly increased over time. Despite reporting having naloxone or a naloxone prescription, most PWUO did not regularly carry naloxone, and many used alone. Social network diffusion interventions may be a strategy to promote normative overdose prevention behaviors.

Indexed as

AdultAnalgesics, OpioidBaltimoreDrug OverdoseFemaleHumansIll-Housed PersonsMaleMiddle AgedNaloxoneNarcotic AntagonistsOpioid-Related DisordersYoung AdultAnalgesics, OpioidNaloxoneNarcotic AntagonistsHarm reductionNaloxoneOverdose preventionPeople who use opioids

Identifiers

PMID33684772
PMCPMC8590734
OpenAlexW3133270747

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.