ArticleSchizophrenia research2021
Childhood inflammatory markers and risks for psychosis and depression at age 24: Examination of temporality and specificity of association in a population-based prospective birth cohort.
Article in Schizophrenia research, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 41 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects of Experimental Sleep Deprivation on Peripheral Inflammation: An Updated Meta-Analysis of Human Studies.Journal of sleep research · 2026Pooled it
- Inflammation in first-episode psychosis: The contribution of inflammatory biomarkers to the emergence of negative symptoms, a systematic review and meta-analysis.Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica · 2022Pooled it
- A Randomised Feasibility Trial of a Service-Coordinated Exercise Intervention in First-Episode Psychosis: Challenges in Implementation and Outcome Assessment.Early intervention in psychiatry · 2026Trial
- Childhood and contemporaneous inflammation in depersonalisation and derealisation: Longitudinal evidence from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- The Danish Region Midt Schizophrenia Cohort - Representative, long-term follow-up of first-episode schizophrenia spectrum disorder.Acta neuropsychiatrica · 2026Article
- Investigating the prospective associations of childhood sleep problems with persistent depression in emerging adulthood: the mediating role of inflammation.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2026Article
- Effects of Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation and Transcutaneous Electrical Acupoint Stimulation on Peripheral Inflammatory Factors in Patients with Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia: A 2×2 Factorial Design Protocol.Journal of inflammation research · 2026Article
- Stress-related multisystem dysregulation during adolescence predicts mental health symptoms in young adulthood.Psychological medicine · 2025Article
- The moderating role of lifetime social engagement on the relationship between C-reactive protein and negative symptoms among young adults at clinical high risk for psychosis.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2025Article
- Examining whether inflammation mediates effects of genetic risk and trauma on psychopathology.BJPsych open · 2025Article
- Depressive and Negative Symptoms in the Early and Established Stages of Schizophrenia: Integrating Structural Brain Alterations, Cognitive Performance, and Plasma Interleukin 6 Levels.Biological psychiatry global open science · 2025Article
- Associations between IL-6 and trajectories of depressive symptoms across the life course: Evidence from ALSPAC and UK Biobank cohorts.European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists · 2025Article
- Childhood maltreatment influences adult brain structure through its effects on immune, metabolic, and psychosocial factors.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- Correlating plasma protein profiles with symptomatology and treatment response in acute phase and early remission of major depressive disorder.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Article
- The role of inflammation in the prospective associations between early childhood sleep problems and ADHD at 10 years: findings from a UK birth cohort study.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2023Article
- Early-life inflammatory markers and subsequent psychotic and depressive episodes between 10 to 28 years of age.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2022Article
- A redux of schizophrenia research in 2021.Schizophrenia research · 2022Article
- Role of Inflammation in Traumatic Brain Injury-Associated Risk for Neuropsychiatric Disorders: State of the Evidence and Where Do We Go From Here.Biological psychiatry · 2022Review
- Non-invasive diagnosis and monitoring tool of children's mental health: A point-of-care immunosensor for IL-6 quantification in saliva samples.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2022Article
- Longitudinal association between CRP levels and risk of psychosis: a meta-analysis of population-based cohort studies.NPJ schizophrenia · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundCross-sectional studies have reported elevated concentrations of inflammatory markers in psychosis and depression. However, questions regarding temporality and specificity of association, crucial for understanding the potential role of inflammation, remain.
methodsBased on 2224 ALSPAC birth cohort participants, we used regression analyses to test associations of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels at age 9 with risks for psychosis (psychotic experiences; negative symptoms; psychotic disorder), and depression (depressive episode; symptom score) at age 24. Regression models were adjusted for sex, ethnicity, social class and body mass index. We tested for linearity (using quadratic terms) and specificity (using bi-variate probit regression) of association, and used multiple imputation to explore the impact of missing data.
resultsAfter adjustments, higher IL-6 levels at age 9 were associated with increased risk of psychotic disorder (OR = 1.56; 95% C.I., 1.09-2.21 per SD increase in IL-6; OR=2.60; 95% C.I., 1.04-6.53 for the top compared with bottom third of IL-6) and depressive episode (OR = 1.14; 95% C.I., 0.99-1.32 per SD increase in IL-6; OR = 1.49; 95% C.I., 1.02-2.18 for the top compared with bottom third of IL-6). IL-6 was associated with negative symptoms after adjusting for depression (β = 0.09; 95% C.I., 0.01-0.22). There was no evidence for outcome-specific associations of IL-6. Childhood CRP was not associated with adult psychosis or depression.
conclusionsEvidence for similar, longitudinal, dose-response associations suggest that elevated childhood IL-6 could be a shared risk factor for adult psychosis and depression. The IL-6 pathway may represent a novel target for treatment and prevention of these disorders.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.