ReviewAdvances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.)2021
Perspective: Evidence before Enthusiasm-A Critical Review of the Potential Cardiovascular Benefits of Vitamin K.
Review in Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- Vitamin K and vascular calcification: from biological plausibility to clinical realism.Clinical kidney journal · 2026Review
- The History of the Discovery of Vitamin K.Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology · 2026Article
- Molecular mechanisms, therapeutic strategies, and inter-organ fibrosis crosstalk of Gla proteins in cardiovascular disease.Communications biology · 2026Review
- Vitamin K as an Endocrine Modulator: Mechanistic Links to Glucose Metabolism and Beyond.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Aortic Calcification in a Long-Term Warfarin Patient.JACC. Case reports · 2026Article
- Associations among Dietary Intakes, Blood Biomarkers, and Postmortem Brain Tissue Concentrations of Vitamins D and K in Older Adults.The Journal of nutrition · 2026Article
- Warfarin Treatment is Associated With Lower Postmortem Brain Vitamin K Concentrations in Older Adults.The Journal of nutrition · 2025Article
- Vitamin K: Metabolism, Genetic Influences, and Chronic Disease Outcomes.Food science & nutrition · 2025Review
- Review
- Matrix Gla protein and the long-term incidence and progression of coronary artery and aortic calcification in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.Atherosclerosis · 2024Article
- Speeding Up Time: New Urinary Peptide Clock Associates Greater Air Pollution Exposures with Faster Biological Aging.Environmental health perspectives · 2024Article
- The investigation of connection between anticoagulant therapy and vitamin K homologues in human determined by LC-MS/MS.Bioanalysis · 2024Article
- Vitamin K and Calcium Chelation in Vascular Health.Biomedicines · 2023Review
- Vitamin K and the Visual System-A Narrative Review.Nutrients · 2023Review
- Vitamin K - a scoping review for Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2023.Food & nutrition research · 2023Article
- New insights into vitamin K biology with relevance to cancer.Trends in molecular medicine · 2022Review
- Vitamin K-Dependent Protein Activation: Normal Gamma-Glutamyl Carboxylation and Disruption in Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Multiple Dietary Vitamin K Forms Are Converted to Tissue Menaquinone-4 in Mice.The Journal of nutrition · 2022Article
- Vitamin K.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2022Article
- Association of vitamin K with cognitive decline and neuropathology in community-dwelling older persons.Alzheimer's & dementia (New York, N. Y.) · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
A protective role for vitamin K in cardiovascular disease (CVD), a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, has been proposed because vitamin K-dependent proteins, such as matrix Gla (γ-carboxyglutamic acid) protein (MGP), are present in vascular tissue. MGP functions as a vascular calcification inhibitor-but only when it is carboxylated, which requires vitamin K. There is more than one naturally occurring form of vitamin K. Phylloquinone (vitamin K1) is found in plant-based foods, whereas menaquinones (vitamin K2) are a class of vitamin K compounds found in animal-based and fermented foods. Phylloquinone and menaquinones are capable of carboxylating MGP and other vitamin K-dependent proteins. In rodent models, high intakes of either phylloquinone or menaquinone reduced vascular calcification. Evidence of the relative importance of phylloquinone and menaquinone to CVD in humans is limited and controversial. In some observational studies, higher dietary menaquinone intake, but not phylloquinone intake, was associated with less coronary artery calcification (a subclinical manifestation of CVD) and a lower risk for clinical CVD events. These findings have led to claims that menaquinones have unique cardiovascular health benefits compared with phylloquinone. However, this claim is not supported by the results of the limited number of intervention trials conducted to date. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the strengths and limitations of the available evidence regarding the role of vitamin K in vascular calcification, CVD, and mortality.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.