Observational studyEuropean journal of neurology2021
Neurological outcome and quality of life 3 months after COVID-19: A prospective observational cohort study.
Observational study in European journal of neurology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 88 papers, 17 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
88 citing papers in PubMed, 17 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 177 citations in OpenAlex.
- Neurocognitive Impairment in Long COVID: A Systematic Review.Archives of clinical neuropsychology : the official journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists · 2025Pooled it
- Guillain-Barré syndrome and SARS-CoV-2 infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis on a debated issue and evidence for the 'Italian factor'.European journal of neurology · 2024Pooled it
- SARS-CoV-2 post-acute sequelae in previously hospitalised patients: systematic literature review and meta-analysis.European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2023Pooled it
- Post-acute COVID-19 symptom risk in hospitalized and non-hospitalized COVID-19 survivors: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2023Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Sequelae of COVID-19 among previously hospitalized patients up to 1 year after discharge: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Infection · 2022Pooled it
- COVID-19 associated cognitive impairment: A systematic review.Cortex; a journal devoted to the study of the nervous system and behavior · 2022Pooled it
- ESCMID rapid guidelines for assessment and management of long COVID.Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases · 2022Guideline
- Post-viral mental health sequelae in infected persons associated with COVID-19 and previous epidemics and pandemics: Systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence estimates.Journal of infection and public health · 2022Pooled it
- Fatigue and cognitive impairment in Post-COVID-19 Syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2022Pooled it
- Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder among survivors of severe COVID-19 infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of affective disorders · 2022Pooled it
- The prevalence of sensory changes in post-COVID syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in medicine · 2022Pooled it
- The health-related quality of life in patients with post-COVID-19 after hospitalization: a systematic review.Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical · 2022Pooled it
- Onset and frequency of depression in post-COVID-19 syndrome: A systematic review.Journal of psychiatric research · 2021Pooled it
- [Guideline S1: Long COVID: Diagnostics and treatment strategies].Wiener klinische Wochenschrift · 2021Guideline
- Characterising long COVID: a living systematic review.BMJ global health · 2021Pooled it
- What can the neurological manifestations of COVID-19 tell us: a meta-analysis.Journal of translational medicine · 2021Pooled it
- Trial
- Neurological symptoms and physical exam findings 6-11 months post-COVID-19: a cohort study.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- REGENECYTE cord blood cell therapy in post-COVID syndrome: a phase IIa randomized, placebo-controlled trial.EClinicalMedicine · 2026Article
28 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
22 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
background and purposeTo assess neurological manifestations and health-related quality of life (QoL) 3 months after COVID-19.
methodsIn this prospective, multicenter, observational cohort study we systematically evaluated neurological signs and diseases by detailed neurological examination and a predefined test battery assessing smelling disorders (16-item Sniffin Sticks test), cognitive deficits (Montreal Cognitive Assessment), QoL (36-item Short Form), and mental health (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-5) 3 months after disease onset.
resultsOf 135 consecutive COVID-19 patients, 31 (23%) required intensive care unit (ICU) care (severe), 72 (53%) were admitted to the regular ward (moderate), and 32 (24%) underwent outpatient care (mild) during acute disease. At the 3-month follow-up, 20 patients (15%) presented with one or more neurological syndromes that were not evident before COVID-19. These included polyneuro/myopathy (n = 17, 13%) with one patient presenting with Guillain-Barré syndrome, mild encephalopathy (n = 2, 2%), parkinsonism (n = 1, 1%), orthostatic hypotension (n = 1, 1%), and ischemic stroke (n = 1, 1%). Objective testing revealed hyposmia/anosmia in 57/127 (45%) patients at the 3-month follow-up. Self-reported hyposmia/anosmia was lower (17%) at 3 months, however, improved when compared to the acute disease phase (44%; p < 0.001). At follow-up, cognitive deficits were apparent in 23%, and QoL was impaired in 31%. Assessment of mental health revealed symptoms of depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorders in 11%, 25%, and 11%, respectively.
conclusionsDespite recovery from the acute infection, neurological symptoms were prevalent at the 3-month follow-up. Above all, smelling disorders were persistent in a large proportion of patients.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.