ReviewFrontiers in immunology2020
TLR Agonists as Mediators of Trained Immunity: Mechanistic Insight and Immunotherapeutic Potential to Combat Infection.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 85 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
85 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 114 citations in OpenAlex.
- Safety and efficacy of toll-like receptor agonists as therapeutic agents and vaccine adjuvants for infectious diseases in animals: a systematic review.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2024Pooled it
- Macrophage trained immunity requires a mitochondrial glutamine-restriction checkpoint for antitumor protection in mice.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Epigenetic Landscape of H3K27ac, H3K27me3, H3K4me1, and H3K4me3 Marks in Channel Catfish Following Βeta Glucan Exposure.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- The interplay between gut microbiota and Alzheimer's disease: mechanistic insights from dysbiosis to disease modulation.Metabolic brain disease · 2026Review
- Fungal β-1,3-glucans: Cell Wall Constituents That Promote Gut Health Through Innate Immune Modulation.Nutrients · 2026Review
- AI-driven big data analysis and predictive modeling of infectious disease immunity: from correlates to causal, multiscale understanding.Archives of microbiology · 2026Review
- Inflachromene Blocks Neuronal HMGB1 Translocation to Mitigate Hippocampal TLR4-NF-κB-Mediated Neuroinflammation and Depression-Like Behavior After Spinal Cord Injury.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Article
- Trained Immunity in Autoimmunity: Friend, Foe, or Therapeutic Target?Biomedicines · 2026Article
- Cathelicidin-Ka, the first frog-derived TLR2 and TLR4 agonist, induces macrophage activation and promotes inflammation.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2026Article
- Development of nanoparticle-based Toll-like receptor agonists for respiratory immunotherapy.EXCLI journal · 2026Review
- Monophosphoryl lipid A boosts macrophage antimicrobial immunity by metabolically regulating source-specific ROS generation.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- TRIM proteins as emerging regulators of immune pathways: potential therapeutic targets in immune-related disorders.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Identification of MTURN as a trained immunity-related biomarker for heart failureFrontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Review
- Clinical translation of TLR agonist-modified silicified cancer cell therapy supported by humanized mouse models.Molecular therapy. Oncology · 2025Article
- Review
- Cytokine-induced memory-like responses in endothelial cells link chronic inflammation to vascular disease risk.Molecular omics · 2025Article
- LncRNA transcriptome analysis of rainbow trout (Virulence · 2025Article
- Characterization of dual DNA polymerase knockout strains of Candida albicans with live whole-cell vaccine competence.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Review
25 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Despite advances in critical care medicine, infection remains a significant problem that continues to be complicated with the challenge of antibiotic resistance. Immunocompromised patients are highly susceptible to development of severe infection which often progresses to the life-threatening condition of sepsis. Thus, immunotherapies aimed at boosting host immune defenses are highly attractive strategies to ward off infection and protect patients. Recently there has been mounting evidence that activation of the innate immune system can confer long-term functional reprogramming whereby innate leukocytes mount more robust responses upon secondary exposure to a pathogen for more efficient clearance and host protection, termed trained immunity. Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists are a class of agents which have been shown to trigger the phenomenon of trained immunity through metabolic reprogramming and epigenetic modifications which drive profound augmentation of antimicrobial functions. Immunomodulatory TLR agonists are also highly beneficial as vaccine adjuvants. This review provides an overview on TLR signaling and our current understanding of TLR agonists which show promise as immunotherapeutic agents for combating infection. A brief discussion on our current understanding of underlying mechanisms is also provided. Although an evolving field, TLR agonists hold strong therapeutic potential as immunomodulators and merit further investigation for clinical translation.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.