ReviewFrontiers in immunology2020
Cancer Vaccines: Adjuvant Potency, Importance of Age, Lifestyle, and Treatments.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 72 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
72 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 123 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sargramostim (rhu GM-CSF) as Cancer Therapy (Systematic Review) and An Immunomodulator. A Drug Before Its Time?Frontiers in immunologyPooled it
- Characteristics of clinical trials for non-small cell lung cancer therapeutic vaccines registered on ClinicalTrials.gov.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Trial
- Hydrogel-Based intraperitoneal drug delivery platforms for peritoneal metastasis: strategies, advances, and prospects.Drug delivery · 2026Review
- Engineering polymeric RNA scaffolds as programmable combinatorial innate immune agonists.Nucleic acids research · 2026Article
- Endogenous living adjuvants for cancer vaccination: Concepts, mechanisms, and design principles.Materials today. Bio · 2026Article
- Lung cancer vaccines to enhance immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy: evidence and future perspectives.Journal of hematology & oncology · 2026Review
- Impact of exercise intervention on immune function during aging.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Harnessing Nanocarriers to Advance Vaccine Development.BioDrugs : clinical immunotherapeutics, biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy · 2026Review
- A SARS-CoV-2 spike-derived adjuvant peptide boosts IL-17/IFN-γ immunity and improves anti-PD-L1 therapy against melanoma.Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2025Article
- Targeting murine metastatic cancers with cholera toxin A1-adjuvanted peptide vaccines.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- Review
- Emerging Therapeutic Strategies for Lung Cancer: The Role of Immunotherapy and HPV-Targeted Cancer Vaccines.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Immune evasion in cancer: mechanisms and cutting-edge therapeutic approaches.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025Review
- Integrating cuproptosis and immunosenescence: A novel therapeutic strategy in cancer treatment.Biochemistry and biophysics reports · 2025Review
- Iterative selection of lipid nanoparticle vaccine adjuvants for rapid elicitation of tumoricidal CD8⁺ T cells.Bioactive materials · 2025Article
- Monophosphoryl Lipid A-2,4-Dinitrophenylamine Conjugates Are Potent Adjuvants for Carbohydrate and Protein Vaccines.JACS Au · 2025Article
- Review
- Multi-disciplinary approaches paving the way for clinically effective peptide vaccines for cancer.NPJ vaccines · 2025Review
- Plant-Derived Immunomodulatory Nanoadjuvants for Cancer Vaccines: Current Status and Future Opportunities.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Review
12 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Although the discovery and characterization of multiple tumor antigens have sparked the development of many antigen/derived cancer vaccines, many are poorly immunogenic and thus, lack clinical efficacy. Adjuvants are therefore incorporated into vaccine formulations to trigger strong and long-lasting immune responses. Adjuvants have generally been classified into two categories: those that 'depot' antigens (e.g. mineral salts such as aluminum hydroxide, emulsions, liposomes) and those that act as immunostimulants (Toll Like Receptor agonists, saponins, cytokines). In addition, several novel technologies using vector-based delivery of antigens have been used. Unfortunately, the immune system declines with age, a phenomenon known as immunosenescence, and this is characterized by functional changes in both innate and adaptive cellular immunity systems as well as in lymph node architecture. While many of the immune functions decline over time, others paradoxically increase. Indeed, aging is known to be associated with a low level of chronic inflammation-inflamm-aging. Given that the median age of cancer diagnosis is 66 years and that immunotherapeutic interventions such as cancer vaccines are currently given in combination with or after other forms of treatments which themselves have immune-modulating potential such as surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, the choice of adjuvants requires careful consideration in order to achieve the maximum immune response in a compromised environment. In addition, more clinical trials need to be performed to carefully assess how less conventional form of immune adjuvants, such as exercise, diet and psychological care which have all be shown to influence immune responses can be incorporated to improve the efficacy of cancer vaccines. In this review, adjuvants will be discussed with respect to the above-mentioned important elements.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.