Trial reportThe Journal of allergy and clinical immunology2021
Association of frequent moisturizer use in early infancy with the development of food allergy.
Trial report in The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 80 citations in OpenAlex.
- Risk Factors for the Development of Food Allergy in Infants and Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.JAMA pediatrics · 2026Pooled it
- Skin care interventions in infants for preventing eczema and food allergy.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2022Pooled it
- Emollient application from birth to prevent eczema in high-risk children: the BEEP RCT.Health technology assessment (Winchester, England) · 2024Trial
- TRANS-FOODS study protocol: an observer-blinded, randomized controlled study to assess transcutaneous sensitization to peanut protein in adults with and without atopic dermatitis.Skin health and disease · 2026Article
- Atopic dermatitis.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2026Review
- Decoding Early Clues: Immune Mechanisms, Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of IgE-Mediated Peanut and Tree Nut Allergy in Children.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Maternal influences on offspring food allergy.Immunological reviews · 2024Review
- Feast for thought: A comprehensive review of food allergy 2021-2023.The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology · 2024Review
- Transepidermal water loss rises before food anaphylaxis and predicts food challenge outcomes.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2023Article
- Early emollient bathing is associated with subsequent atopic dermatitis in an unselected birth cohort study.Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology · 2023Observational
- Pearls and Pitfalls of Weaning an Infant with Severe Atopic Dermatitis and Sensitization/Allergy to Food.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- Targeting Skin Barrier Function in Atopic Dermatitis.The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice · 2023Article
- Epicutaneous Sensitization and Food Allergy: Preventive Strategies Targeting Skin Barrier Repair-Facts and Challenges.Nutrients · 2023Review
- The hen and the egg question in atopic dermatitis: allergy or eczema comes first.Asthma research and practice · 2023Review
- A pragmatic approach to infant feeding for food allergy prevention.Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology · 2022Article
- Prenatal and perinatal risk factors of food allergy in Taiwanese young children.The World Allergy Organization journal · 2022Article
- Contact allergens in moisturizers in preventative emollient therapy - A systematic review.Clinical and translational allergy · 2022Article
- Egg Allergy in Children and Weaning Diet.Nutrients · 2022Review
- Clinical Manifestations of Pediatric Food Allergy: a Contemporary Review.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2022Review
- Cutaneous dysbiosis may amplify barrier dysfunction in patients with atopic dermatitis.Frontiers in microbiology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 6 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundFood allergy is thought to develop through transcutaneous sensitization, especially in the presence of skin barrier impairment and inflammation. Regular moisturizer application to infant skin could potentially promote transcutaneous sensitization and the development of food allergy.
objectivesWe tested this hypothesis in the Enquiring About Tolerance (EAT) study population.
methodsThe EAT study was a population-based randomized clinical trial conducted from January 15, 2008, to August 31, 2015, and recruited 1303 exclusively breastfed 3-month-old infants and their families from England and Wales. At enrollment at 3 months, families completed a questionnaire that included questions about frequency and type of moisturizer applied, use of corticosteroid creams, and parental report of dry skin or eczema. Infants were examined for visible eczema at the enrollment visit.
resultsA statistically significant dose-response relationship was observed between parent-reported moisturization frequency at 3 months of age and the subsequent development of food allergy. Each additional moisturization per week was associated with an adjusted odds ratio of 1.20 (95% CI, 1.13-1.27; P < .0005) for developing food allergy. For infants with no visible eczema at the enrollment visit, the corresponding adjusted odds ratio was 1.18 (95% CI, 1.07-1.30; P = .001) and for those with eczema at the enrollment visit, 1.20 (95% CI, 1.11-1.31; P < .0005). Moisturizer frequency showed similar dose-response relationships with the development of both food and aeroallergen sensitization at 36 months.
conclusionsThese findings support the notion that regular application of moisturizers to the skin of young infants may promote the development of food allergy through transcutaneous sensitization.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.