Trial reportAntimicrobial resistance and infection control2021
A large-scale investigation of alcohol-based handrub (ABHR) volume: hand coverage correlations utilizing an innovative quantitative evaluation system.
Trial report in Antimicrobial resistance and infection control, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 27 citations in OpenAlex.
- Enhancing hand hygiene compliance in healthcare environmental services staff: a systematic approach to indicator development.Antimicrobial resistance and infection control · 2025Article
- IMPROVING HAND HYGIENE IN CRUISE SHIP: AN INTERVENTION STUDY.Open research Europe · 2025Article
- The state of hand rub dispensers in healthcare settings - a multicenter assessment in 19 German healthcare facilities.Antimicrobial resistance and infection control · 2024Article
- Rinse, gel, and foam - is there any evidence for a difference in their effectiveness in preventing infections?Antimicrobial resistance and infection control · 2024Review
- Alcohol-based hand rubs can fulfil efficacy requirements of EN 1500 in 15 seconds.GMS hygiene and infection control · 2024Article
- Preventing Healthcare-Associated Infections: Hand Disinfection Monitoring Using an Automated System in an Italian Neurological Hospital.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Hand Sanitizer Gels: Classification, Challenges, and the Future of Multipurpose Hand Hygiene Products.Toxics · 2023Review
- Evidence-based hand hygiene: Liquid or gel handrub, does it matter?Antimicrobial resistance and infection control · 2023Article
- Establishing a Learning Model for Correct Hand Hygiene Technique in a NICU.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Article
- Monitoring of alcohol-based hand rubs in SARS-CoV-2 prevention by HS-GC/MS and electrochemical biosensor: A survey of commercial samples.Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis · 2022Article
- The effect of a full-time infection control nursing service in the prevention of multidrug-resistant organism in the orthopedic ward.BMC infectious diseases · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundCurrent hand hygiene guidelines do not provide recommendations on a specific volume for the clinical hand rubbing procedure. According to recent studies volume should be adjusted in order to achieve complete coverage. However, hand size is a parameter that highly influences the hand coverage quality when using alcohol-based handrubs (ABHR). The purpose of this study was to establish a quantitative correlation between applied ABHR volume and achieved hand coverage.
methodABHR based hand hygiene events were evaluated utilizing a digital health device, the Semmelweis hand hygiene system with respect to coverage achieved on the skin surface. Medical students and surgical residents (N = 356) were randomly selected and given predetermined ABHR volumes. Additionally, hand sizes were calculated using specialized software developed for this purpose. Drying time, ABHR volume awareness, as well spillage awareness were documented for each hand hygiene event.
resultsHand coverage achieved during a hand hygiene event strongly depends on the applied ABHR volume. At a 1 ml dose, the uncovered hand area was approximately 7.10%, at 2 ml it decreased to 1.68%, and at 3 ml it further decreased to 1.02%. The achieved coverage is strongly correlated to hand size, nevertheless, a 3 ml applied volume proved sufficient for most hand hygiene events (84%). When applying a lower amount of ABHR (1.5 ml), even people with smaller hands failed to cover their entire hand surface. Furthermore, a 3 ml volume requires more than the guideline prescribed 20-30 s to dry. In addition, results suggest that drying time is not only affected by hand size, but perhaps other factors may be involved as well (e.g., skin temperature and degree of hydration). ABHR volumes of 3.5 ml or more were inefficient, as the disinfectant spilled while the additional rubbing time did not improve hand coverage.
conclusionsHand sizes differ a lot among HCWs. After objectively measuring participants, the surface of the smallest hand was just over half compared to the largest hand (259 cm
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